As early as 3,700 years ago in Shang Dynasty, lettering became popular. However, there are no original characters on the surface of the seal, only symbols symbolizing blood type are attached to contemporary bronzes or flags. Although it is a mark, it has a certain pronunciation. Among the excavated cultural relics, the earliest seal is "Ya" seal, which is a cultural relic of the Yin and Shang Dynasties.
China's unique seal cutting with artistic value. Because most ancient seals were named after seal script printing. The word seal cutting was first seen in Yang Xiong's French proverb: "Boys carve insects and seals." There are two interpretations of seal cutting: broad and narrow. Seal cutting in a narrow sense refers to the so-called future generations' research on printing management; Seal cutting in a broad sense refers to all carving techniques.
Seal cutting is also a kind of seal cutting, but it is an art that artists turn knowledge and accomplishment into individuality.
Seal cutting is a unique traditional art with a long history of two or three thousand years. Seal cutting, as the name implies, is a seal carved with seal script, and it is a practical work of art, also called "seal", "seal" or "seal". These names vary from time to time. As early as Shang Dynasty, people used knives to carve the word "Oracle Bone Inscriptions" on tortoise shells. These characters have sharp blades, beautiful brushwork and high level of "lettering". Before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and the Qin Dynasty, seal cutting was called "seal". After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, it was stipulated that the "seal" was used exclusively by the emperor, and the seals used by ministers and people were collectively called "seal". This led emperors to use seals or treasures, officials to use seals, generals to use seals and private users to use seals.
The word "seal" in seal cutting was written as "Zhen" in ancient times, next to the word jade. All the concave and convex patterns carved on jade are called "truth". Later, bamboo and silk became popular writing tools, so the shape of seal script was changed from "jade" to "bamboo". In fact, in ancient times, anything that belongs to jade carving, stone carving, bamboo carving and bronze carving can be called "seal cutting", and seal cutting is only a small part of it. When he arrived at Qin Shihuang, he comprehensively sorted out the national calligraphy styles, which were divided into eight styles. The words on the printing surface were called "copying and printing"; When Wang Mang decided to write six books, he called it "Miao Zhuan", and from then on, he clearly determined that Zhuan Shu was the font used for seal cutting. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the preferences of literati, although the seal system was changed, it was still printed with seal script. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties that a large number of Indian people came out that seal cutting became an art form based on seal script, expressing density and separation on the printing surface by carving, and seal cutting also changed from carving in a broad sense to the knowledge of printing in a narrow sense. Some people directly refer to this knowledge of printing as "engraving", "iron pen", "iron book" and "engraving stamp".
China declared the Dragon Boat Festival, China calligraphy, China seal cutting, Chinese paper cutting, China engraving printing technology, China traditional wood structure building technology, China traditional mulberry silk weaving technology, Longquan celadon traditional firing technology, Mazu belief custom, Nanyin, Nanjing brocade technology, Dong folk songs, and so on at the fourth meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage held from September 28th to June 2nd, 2009.
Origin:
Since its origin, seal cutting has experienced more than ten dynasties in the long history of more than two thousand years. In this long-term development process, seal cutting has experienced two highly developed historical stages. One is the Warring States, Qin, Han, Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties. During this period, the materials used in seal cutting were mainly jade, gold, teeth and horns. Known as the "ancient seal cutting period", its seal cutting characteristics are mainly bounded by the times. Seal cutting reached the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, but it was in decline. During this period, due to the application of regular script instead of seal script and the separation of official seal and private seal, seal cutting went downhill. This situation took a turn for the better in the late Yuan Dynasty, when the painter Wang Mian discovered that the flower milk stone could be printed, thus making it an ideal material for printing. In the Ming Dynasty, seal cutting entered a renaissance period. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, seal cutting has ushered in the second peak of development, and its seal cutting features are mainly various schools. During this period, Wen Peng and He Zhen played an important role in seal cutting creation. Wen Zhiming's son, Wen Peng, accidentally discovered that "smooth stone" frozen stone can be used as printing material. After his advocacy, stones were widely used. During this period, seal cutting schools emerged constantly, and seal cutting artists such as Cheng Sui, Ding Jing, Deng, Zhao and so on appeared. Seal cutting once presented a prosperous scene. It was not until Wu Changshuo and Qi Baishi, the modern masters of seal cutting, that a complete history of seal cutting in China was formed. Seal cutting is a perfect combination of calligraphy, composition and knife cutting. On the one hand, there are magnificent and elegant calligraphy strokes, beautiful painting composition and vivid knife cutting and carving charm. It can be described as "between square inches, there are thousands of weather."
With the extension of time and the development of spatial differences, China's words contain moving and diverse styles, which are presented in a sentimental and elegant way in the printed surface. A small square inch is full of simplicity of time and richness of space. Although it has undergone several changes, it is still fascinating with its warm luster and quaint charm. This is seal cutting.
There are two kinds of seal cutting: wide seal cutting and narrow seal cutting. The "seal" of seal cutting is jade, and the ancient writing is "truth". Judging from the annotation of Shuowen, it is interpreted as "the tortoise is a sign, and it is also true." ), all the concave and convex patterns carved on jade are called "Zhu". Later, bamboo and silk became a popular writing tool, so the shape symbol of seal script was changed from "jade" to "bamboo".
The origin of seal cutting is very early. According to "Han Ji Zhi", "There have been books since the Five Emperors. As for the Three Kings, there are seals before the customs of engraving, cheating and forgery to detect traitors."
As early as 3,700 years ago in Shang Dynasty, lettering became popular. However, there are no original characters on the surface of the seal, only symbols symbolizing blood type are attached to contemporary bronzes or flags. Although it is a mark, it does have a certain pronunciation. In the Zhou Dynasty, "Zhou Xi" based on bronze rose greatly. There are various sizes and shapes, generally divided into two types: Bai Wen and Zhu Wen. The Qin Dynasty witnessed the evolution of China characters from "Shu Shu" to seal script. The forms of seal script were more extensive, the seal script was round and vigorous, and the strokes were tall and straight.
The seal of the Han Dynasty reached its peak, which was called Han seal in history, and the font evolved from Xiao seal to Miao seal. Chinese and Indian printing systems and buttons are also exquisite. Xi Gang of the Eight Schools of Xiling once said: "India is the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, such as the poems of the Tang Dynasty and the characters and literature of the Jin Dynasty." During the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the preference of the literati, although the seal script system was changed, it was still printed with seal script. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties that seal cutting became an art form based on seal script with a large number of Indian people, and the density and clutch were expressed on the surface in an instant by carving. Therefore, seal cutting has changed from carving in a broad sense to management seal in a narrow sense.
Traditionally, seal cutting must be carried out before seal cutting, and there is even a saying that seal cutting is divided into three parts. Seal cutting itself is an art closely combined with calligraphy. The fundamental difference between the seal engraver's work and the seal engraved by the master of the seal engraving shop is that the former is "written" and pays attention to rules and seal techniques, while the latter is "painted" and doesn't care about rules and seal techniques. If you don't learn seal cutting and don't pay attention to rules, the carved seal will be very stiff. Therefore, when learning seal cutting, we must carefully choose the seal script tablet to paste and write. After a period of training, we will obviously feel the convenience of seal cutting. Many beginners often get twice the result with half the effort
Composition is the art of arranging a word or a group of words on the printing surface, which is complex and changeable, and it is really the most important link in seal cutting. If one side of the seal has a skillful knife method without a clever composition, there will be no masterpiece. In particular, the creation of complete sets and groups should be changed in all aspects, and it is necessary to show the author's composition skills. Therefore, when designing Yin Gao, it should be conceived repeatedly. At this point, the cautious creative attitude of Wu Changshuo, a master of seal cutting, is worth learning. Appropriate forms should be designed according to specific strokes, strokes, shapes and the relationship between words.
kind
week
week
Before the Qin dynasty, neither official seal nor private seal was called seal, which was collectively called "seal". This is the earliest name printed in China. The seals are big and small, the big ones are a few inches square, and the small ones are only a few minutes. There are copper prints and jade prints. Seal seal is composed of big seal and small seal, and its layout is scattered but not scattered, stretching freely and imposing. Little seals are more beautiful.
Official seal of Qin and Han dynasties
After Qin Shihuang unified China, he reformed the chaotic six-nation script and formulated a unified font-Xiao Zhuan. In the society at that time, Xiao Zhuan was the standard character, so it was also the standard character on the seal.
The shape of Qin seal is different from the past: it is surrounded by a "Tian" shaped frame. The photos are evenly distributed in the box.
Official seal and private seal since Tang and Song Dynasties
Seal script was still used in the Tang Dynasty, but it was quite different from that before the Six Dynasties. In the Qin and Han dynasties, most of the seals were engraved with odd seals and white characters. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen was used as the official seal because the printing color was directly covered on cotton paper. At that time, some people printed with official script. The official seal of Song Dynasty is close to that of Tang Dynasty. But in the Jin Dynasty, it was printed with "Nine Stacks of Seal Characters". The private seal of Song and Yuan Dynasties changed greatly and was widely used. Besides copper and jade, ivory and rhinoceros horn were added. At that time, I could see vermilion inkpad printed on calligraphy and painting works, which produced artistic effects. The official seal of the Ming dynasty also followed the "nine overlapping seals", which was larger than that of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Most of them are wide-brimmed and thick Zhu Wen. The official seal of the Qing Dynasty was half in Chinese and half in Manchu. Permanent official, official seal; The official seal of a temporary official is rectangular and is called "customs clearance".
school
Hui nationality school
Huizhou seal cutting began with He Zhen, followed by Ba Weizu (1774~ 1793) and Mu Qing, also known as the dirty Taoist priest. Hu Tang (born in 1759), also known as Chang Geng, was named Zixi. Dong Xun (born in 1740) is called Qiquan, nicknamed Xiaochi. Su Xuan, whose real name is Er Xuan, is from Surabaya. Wang Guan, the word Darren Chan. Cheng Pu, the word element. James Zhu, the word can be repaired, and the number is abnormal. These are all masters who pursued Qin and Han Dynasties and had their own innovations. The seal cutting characteristics of Huizhou school have strengthened the absorption of the advantages of Qin and Han dynasties, and the seal cutting method is concise and fair. Knife method mostly uses punching knife, and the lines are simple.
Zhepai
The most famous Zhejiang school masters are: Hu Zheng (18 14~ 1860), who is not afraid of words and is famous for his nose mountain. He studied under Ding Jingxi Gang (1746~ 1803), whose word is iron. Give people the feeling of being happy.
Xi balingjia
There are eight members of the Eight Schools in Xiling: Ding Jing (1695~ 1765), whose word is respectful and whose refined official script is Huang Yi (1744~ 1802), whose word is Komatsu, who is good at painting and works as official script at Xigang (/kloc-). Chen Hongshou (1768~ 1822): Zigong, Gu Shan (181860): Zhao, who once carved more than 2,000 square meters (178650).
Famous artists in late Qing Dynasty
There are many famous artists in the late Qing Dynasty: Zhao (1829~ 1884):No. Yifu. Wu Changshuo (1849~ 1908) is a rare master of calligraphy and painting in modern times. He is one of the founders of Shanghai Xiling Printing Society. Huang Shiling (1849~ 1908): Mu Fu, a newcomer to Huizhou School of Printing, became a disciple of Zhou Qinyin. In the middle of the printing wind, you can see the flow.
Contemporary famous artists
Qi Baishi (1863- 1957): a native of Xiangtan, Hunan. He is a famous painter and calligraphy seal engraver in China in the 20th century. Lai Chusheng (1903- 1975): a native of Xiaoshan, Zhejiang. He is a famous artist with four unique skills: poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing. Wang Xian (1896- 1989): A native of Haimen, Jiangsu. Wu Changshuo, a master of art, won the essence of Wu Pai's art and became an outstanding successor of Wu Pai. Deng Sanmu (1898- 1963): Born in Shanghai, he has the reputation of "Southern Deng in the Northern Qi Dynasty (Baishi)" in the art world. Liang Shaoying (1966-), a native of Xinchang, Zhejiang Province, is a rookie of contemporary calligraphy. His seal cutting pursues a simple and vigorous atmosphere. Knives are sharp and pleasant, and they are rarely carved. The characters used are between seal script, official script and regular script, especially the seal script in the Yin script, which is full of white characters, windless and rainless, eloquent and shows profound characteristics. Wang Yong, the owner of Tuzhai and Dinglou, etc. 1948 Born in Beijing in March, Taiyuan, Shanxi. 1979 He was admitted to the graduate school of Professor Li Keran and Professor Liang Shunian of Wang Yong Chinese Painting Department of Central Academy of Fine Arts, majoring in landscape painting and calligraphy seal cutting. Mr. Ye and Mr. Wang have instructed him. 198 1 won the first prize of Ye Graduate Graduation Exhibition, and stayed as a teacher. He is currently a professor at the Central Academy of Fine Arts, director of the calligraphy art research office, deputy director of the seal cutting committee of the China Calligraphers Association, and deputy director of the jury of the National Young and Middle-aged Calligraphy Seal Cutting Exhibition. His works have been exhibited and published many times at home and abroad, collected by many art galleries and museums, and published many special collections. He is currently a professor at the Central Academy of Fine Arts, a member of the China Artists Association, and the vice chairman of the Oriental Art Exchange Society. As an independent and pioneering artist, Mr. Wang Yong has made great achievements in book, painting and printing. Shi Kai was born in Fuzhou, Fujian in 195 1. Originally surnamed Liu, alias Jizhou. After leaving her artistic career, she changed her surname to Shi. Teenagers learn calligraphy, seal cutting, painting and poetry from Xie and He Dunren. 1998 moved to Beijing and became a professional seal cutting calligrapher. He has served as vice chairman of Fujian Calligraphers Association, seal cutting member of China Calligraphers Association and professor of China Calligraphers College. Now living in Beijing, professional seal cutting calligrapher. His works have participated in the first, second, fourth, fifth and sixth national calligraphy seal cutting exhibitions, and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth national calligraphy seal cutting exhibitions for young people, and he was hired as a judge of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth China Youth Exhibition. Judges of the second, third and fourth national seal cutting exhibitions; Judges of the first, second and third national couplets exhibitions. He has held personal calligraphy exhibitions in Xiangtan, Hunan, Fuzhou and Okinawa, Japan. On June 5438+ 10, 2006, the hometown respect exhibition was held in Fuzhou Painting Academy. He has published personal albums such as Shi Kai Yin Cun, Shi Kai Calligraphy Collection, Contemporary Famous Seal Carving Works and Shi Kai Shu. Chen Mowu, male, born in Kaixian County, Chongqing, whose real name is Wuji, No.9 Deng, claims to be the owner of Zui, Fengyulou, Mowu Seal Carving Museum, Desert Museum and Xuanrenfang, with the names Chen, Zhu Mo Weng and Jiu Deng in Yi Chan. He was born in the lunar calendar1July, 964. Vice Chairman of Sichuan Hard Pen Calligraphers Association, President of Shushan Printing Society, painter of Sichuan China Painting Academy, member of Sichuan Artists Association, member of Sichuan Calligraphers Association, member of Sichuan Calligraphy Society, creative researcher of Sichuan cursive script research institute, former deputy secretary-general of Bashu Poetry Calligraphy Research Institute, director of Sichuan Couplet Society, director of Chengdu Calligraphers Association, painter of Chengdu CPPCC Painting and Calligraphy Institute, painter of Yizhou Painting and Calligraphy Institute, and painter of Yazhi Chinese Painting Institute. His biography has been included in Who's Who of Contemporary Art in China, A Dictionary of Experts and Talents in China, Who's Who of Literature and Art in China, and Bashu Indians. Its seal is quite good at the management of writing form, not superior to others by superb techniques, but by nature and fun, loose and powerful composition, plain and strange, old and spicy, naive. His works belong to freehand brushwork, and he is good at dealing with the adhesion between broken bars and pens. His style is unkempt, uninhibited, bold and eye-catching, and the charm is seen in simplicity. The contrast between reality and reality changes greatly, but it does not lose the overall harmony. He is the author of Wu Poetry Collection, Chen Mo Wu Printing, China Calligraphy Outline, Self-study Course of Pen Regular Script, Selected seal cutting of Wu Calligraphy, etc., and has published dozens of articles and poems. China Culture Publishing House published-Wu's comprehensive work, namely Contemporary Artists in China. Liu Yalou, male, was born in Chengdu, Sichuan, 1949. He is a contemporary calligrapher and seal engraver. The word Shouchan, named layman, Tian monk and wild Taoist. Zhai Hao Zhuang Niu Tang, Shu Xiang Xuan, Mo Ye Zhai, etc. 12 years old, taught himself calligraphy and seal cutting. I once studied with Xu, a famous Sichuan cursive writer, and Su Yuan, a famous calligraphy seal engraver, and listened carefully. Taste the chicken as a book, naive, handy and magnificent. Printing speed is extremely fast, and it can be engraved in a few minutes, which is simple and old, natural and interesting; There is grass in the border section, which is highly praised by experts and predecessors. Cui Zhiqiang, also known as Cang Yan, was born in August 1953. The first man carved in ink and wood, Hua Meng, the abbot, the ordained beard, and the 200 lotus lent. He has studied seal cutting calligraphy for more than 20 years, and his works have been selected for many national and international exchange exhibitions. He participated in many exhibitions of calligraphy and seal cutting works representing the highest level of calligraphy in China, and was invited to participate in academic exchanges in Japan, South Korea and Europe. His works have also been collected by many domestic and foreign museums and public and private collections. His calligraphy started in Han Li and later developed into seal script, running script and cursive script. Calligraphy style is rough and bold, with rich lines and great appeal. At the beginning of Qin and Han Dynasties, seal cutting was a school in Ming and Qing Dynasties. He thoroughly studied the artistic styles of Wu Rangzhi, Wu Changshuo and Qi Baishi, and achieved mastery through a comprehensive study, thus forming his own unique knife cutting and artistic style. Cui Zhiqiang's works were collected and published as follows: Collection of Works of Contemporary Famous Seal Carvers. Ten Famous Contemporary Seal Carving Dictionaries in Cui Zhiqiang, Seven Collection of Seal Carving in Beijing, etc. , and various celebrity books and calligraphy seal cutting works. Secretary-General of Seal Cutting Committee of China Calligraphers Association, member of National Exhibition of Young and Middle-aged Calligraphy and Seal Cutting Artists, member of Beijing Printing Society, member of Xiling Printing Society, and vice president of China Calligraphy Magazine. Ceng Mogong, male, also known as Mo Gong and Mo Jushi, was born in Chengdu, Sichuan, and died at 1880+096 1. He used to be a librarian of Sichuan Literature and History Research Institute. He is proficient in poetry and calligraphy, with fine seal cutting, good at painting, exquisite medical skills and high appreciation level. It is said that there are dozens of medical records, most of which were lost during the Cultural Revolution, and nearly 400 copies were printed in three volumes. In the art world, there are Zhang's article "Realizing the Realm of Printing Art, Covering Ancient and Modern Times —— Introducing Teachers' Printing Art", Deng's article "The Nature Return of Craftsmen —— The Great Master of Yilin, seal cutting", and Chen Mowu's article "Simple and Noble, The Impression of Mr. Ceng Mogong's Seal Cutting". Regarding Ceng Mogong's achievements in seal cutting, Qi Baishi once commented in the article "Disciple Luo Xiang stopped printing": "Today's seal carvers, only Ceng Mogong deleted all the habits of the ancients and stood on his own feet ... Chengdu Ceng Mogong and Shen Yu made friends." The so-called "eliminating the habits of the ancients" here refers to abandoning the lifeless old style of traditional seals, rather than refusing to learn excellent traditions. Qi Baishi didn't know that the innovation in seal cutting was inconsistent with Qi Baishi's artistic concept and interest, so he said, "Make friends." Yinnong, whose real name is Zhao, whose real name is Yinnong and Yinnong, whose alias is Dayu, 1964, is from Beijing, Shandong. Calligraphy seal engraver, Yin Shi appraiser, home design adjustment expert, Feng Shui palmprint expert, ancient culture expert and poet. Now he is China, a member of Calligraphers Association, a member of Sculpture Committee of China Folk Writers Association, a member of China Poetry Society, a director of China Overseas Chinese Literature Artists Association, a founding member of China Social Celebrity Working Committee, distinguished professor, a special development consultant and researcher of Beijing Art Museum, a feng shui consultant of many large domestic enterprises, the founder of the world's largest seal "The First Seal in the World" and the creator of combined seals. Indian farmers have inherited their family studies, and calligraphy and seal cutting works are mostly collected by celebrities and museums. In addition to being good at calligraphy and painting, I have been engaged in planning and research of environmental landscape and home design for a long time, combining traditional theories with modern life and applying profound traditional theories to real life. Indian farmers put forward a new concept of harmonious homeland and advocated the rationality and compatibility of humanistic homeland. At the same time, Indian farmers also put forward five elements of harmonious home, namely "green environment, environmentally friendly building materials, healthy decoration, fashionable and moderate decoration, harmonious and reasonable home layout". They are also engaged in traditional geomantic theory research and geomantic layout of residential enterprises, and are invited to conduct field visits or geomantic layout for many enterprises in the mainland and overseas. 1990 studied under the exorcist, vice chairman of the Chinese Buddhist Association, and many famous teachers such as Zhenchan exorcist and Changming exorcist, and was given the dharma name "King Kong of Desire" by Indian tantric master Bagura Rinpoche. Since 1992, Zhao combination seal cutting, also known as Amitabha Sutra Seal, has been published. He has written professional works such as Seal of China (the first and second chapters of the development history of Xi seal in China), Fundamentals of seal cutting, Preliminary 18 lectures on seal cutting, and seal cutting lectures. Chen Mingde, born in Chinese, is a member of Xiling Printing Society, a member of China Calligraphers Association, deputy director of Sichuan Calligraphy and Seal Cutting Creation Committee, vice chairman of Chengdu Young Calligraphers Association, and a visiting artist of Chengdu Painting Academy. He has won many awards in China.