2. The representative of marine civilization is ancient Greece, and the representative of river civilization is ancient China. They are all ancient civilizations.

Marine civilization and river civilization are very old.

4. In some cases, two civilizations can be transformed into each other.

Characteristics of marine civilization

According to the current broad concept of culture, culture is everything created by human society, including object culture, system culture and spiritual culture. Mankind has been dealing with the ocean since ancient times, creating material culture and spiritual culture related to the ocean. This is marine culture, which is related to the creation of the ocean by human beings, including artifact system and spiritual creation. Specifically, ships, navigation, myths, customs and marine science about the ocean are all marine cultures. The marine culture used in this paper refers to the concept with such connotation and extension.

As Ci Hai explains, "Civilization refers to the progressive state of human society, as opposed to barbarism." There is a similar definition abroad. (1) Based on this definition of civilization, this paper defines marine civilization as a social culture that is ahead of human development in economic development, social system, ideology, spiritual art and other fields, mainly due to the unique marine culture in human history. Therefore, a marine civilization can be called marine civilization because it is ahead of the development of human society, and this lead mainly benefits from marine culture, and both are indispensable. A civilization is geographically close to the ocean, and even a relatively developed marine culture is not necessarily a marine civilization. Ancient Egypt was near the sea, but the development of its civilization mainly benefited from the Nile. Babylon is also close to the sea, but its civilization development mainly benefits from the two rivers; These are indisputable facts. The development of ancient civilization in China benefited from the lack of oceans. Although China has a long coastline and rich marine culture, it is not a marine civilization. The relationship between ancient Japanese civilization and the ocean is far closer than that between Chinese civilization and the ocean, but its civilization degree is far less than that of Chinese civilization centered on Chang 'an, so it cannot be regarded as a marine civilization. Although the indigenous culture of the Pacific islands has a close relationship with the ocean and has created some marine cultures, it lags behind the development of the times and is definitely not a marine civilization. Therefore, being close to the ocean and having a marine culture may not necessarily develop into a marine civilization. Starting from such a train of thought, we should first identify the first marine civilization in human history, analyze its characteristics, look for its later development according to these characteristics, and finally summarize its fundamental characteristics and advantages, so that our understanding of marine culture and marine civilization has a new height and a new starting point.

According to the above standards, the first marine civilization with sufficient historical data should be the ancient Greek civilization.

Characteristics of river civilization:

Geographical location: great river basin and its closure

Economy: agricultural economy

Politics: Rural Society and Centralized State

Culture: a culture with unique regional characteristics.