Xianfeng four years on February 2 (1854, 19 years old), Jinfeng Yi 'an.
In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), in March, Zai Chun, the only prince of Xianfeng Emperor, was born and became a imperial concubine.
At the beginning of the first month of the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857, 22 years old), Yi Guifei of Jinfeng.
Emperor Xianfeng is weak and sick. At that time, the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing in the north of Qing Dynasty, and there was the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom anti-Qing peasant movement in the south, which made him exhausted at home and abroad. Yi Guifei is a calligrapher, so Emperor Xianfeng often dictated to him to write and read the memorial, and allowed Yi Guifei to express his opinions, so many ministers were dissatisfied with Ye Lashi. 1860, before the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing, Yehnara fled to Jehol with Emperor Xianfeng.
Emperor Xianfeng died in Jehol in August, 186 1. Before his death, Prince Zai Yuan, Zheng Qinwang Duanhua, Jing Shou, Co-organizer, Shangshu Su Shun, Yin Mu, Kuangyuan, Du Han and Jiao Youying were appointed as Zanxiang Government Affairs King Chenta to assist Tongzhi Emperor Zai Chun in handling state affairs. He also gave the queen and the crown prince (presided over by the emperor's biological mother Yi Guifei) two seals representing imperial power, hoping that they would contain each other.
After the death of Emperor Xianfeng, Prince Zai Chun ascended the throne with the title of "Jixiang". Ye Henala and Niu Zhilu (then Empress Cian of Nakamiya) were honored as Empresses. Empress Dowager Cixi was very dissatisfied with the eight ministers' attempt to monopolize power, so she teamed up with Prince Gong Yixin, the younger brother of Xianfeng Emperor who presided over the peace talks in Beijing, and took advantage of the opportunity of the Queen and Xianfeng Emperor Zi Gong to return to Beijing to launch a Xinyou coup, designed and arrested eight ministers, and sentenced Prince Zai Yuan and Zheng Qinwang to suicide, Su Shun was beheaded, and others were dismissed. Yixin was named king of deliberation.
186 1 year 65438+ February 2nd, the title was changed to Tongzhi, and the Empress Dowager of the two palaces ruled hall of mental cultivation and listened to politics. In the early days of her administration, with the help of Wang Yixin, who was in charge of deliberation and administration, she reorganized the bureaucracy, used a large number of Han officials, and relied on Zeng Guofan, Zuo, Li Hongzhang and other Han landlords to arm herself. With the support of the great powers, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Nianjun, Miao and Hui uprisings were suppressed successively, which eased the ruling crisis of the Qing Dynasty and made the Qing Dynasty temporarily stable. In order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, she also attached great importance to the Westernization School, developed some military and civilian industries and trained the navy and army to strengthen the political power on the principle of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth". Objectively, it has played a positive role in China's modernization. During this period, the domestic uprising was put down, and the two opium wars temporarily satisfied the greed of the great powers, and there was no big diplomatic loss. After the Westernization Movement, the military strength of the Qing Dynasty improved and the industry and commerce developed initially, which was called "Tongzhi Zhongxing".
Tongzhi eleven years (1872), Zai Chun 17 years old. After Cixi had to choose for him, the next year, the Empress Dowager of the two palaces rolled up the curtain and went to the yamen. However, after the Tongzhi emperor came to power, it was still difficult to get rid of Cixi's intervention. For fun, Cixi instructed the Tongzhi emperor to repair the Yuanmingyuan residence for her. Emperor Tongzhi also wanted to take this opportunity to let Empress Dowager Cixi leave the palace to get rid of Cixi's interference in state affairs. However, at that time, there was a shortage of financial resources, the Yuanmingyuan was seriously damaged and the repair cost was very high. Emperor Tongzhi insisted on starting work, which aroused the opposition of many princes and ministers such as Yi Xin, and the emperor Tongzhi dismissed them all. Cixi stepped forward and stopped the decision of the Tongzhi emperor. 1June 875, Emperor Tongzhi died of illness. Cixi made Aisin-Gioro Zaitian, her nephew (her husband's nephew) and nephew, 4 years old, emperor, and changed the year number to Guangxu, and Empress Dowager Cixi once again listened to politics.
From 1865 to 1870, Akuta, an invader of the Central Asian Khanate, invaded and stole most of Xinjiang. 187 1 year, Russia sent troops to occupy Yili area. 1875, Cixi adopted the suggestion of Governor Zuo of Shaanxi but Gansu and sent troops to Xinjiang. The Qing army recaptured Xinjiang on 1878+0. 188 1 year, China recovered most of Yili through Sino-Russian negotiations.
188 1 On April 8th, the Empress Dowager Ci 'an suddenly collapsed and died at the age of 45. Officially, it was a cerebral hemorrhage, which was attributed to Cixi in unofficial history.
From 1883 to 1885, the Sino-French war broke out, and both sides won and lost militarily. However, the Qing government headed by Cixi advocated "winning by winning" and signed the Sino-French New Testament with France, which made France gain many aggressive benefits.
1On April 8th, 884, Cixi launched the change of the Yi Shu dynasty in Shen Jia, relieved the whole shift of the military department headed by Prince Gong Yixin, and started the Nishinomiya dictatorship.
1February 889, Guangxu got married, nominally ruled by Emperor Guangxu, and Cixi lectured for several years. After the political training, all North Korean personnel are still in their hands. "Empress Dowager Cixi (Emperor Guangxu) is truly honored, and the court is responsive."
1894, Prince Chun took advantage of Cixi's 60th birthday, and planned to "celebrate in the Summer Palace, following the example of Kangxi and Qianlong, and set up a colorful shed and hold a ceremony from the city to the garden". Mobilize naval funds, repair the Summer Palace, decorate the scenery and collect donations. That year coincided with Japan's launching of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. Guangxu main battle, Cixi also main battle, "no weakness". However, when someone proposed to stop the Summer Palace project, stop the construction of scenic spots and switch to military spending, Cixi was furious and said, "I am unhappy today, and I will make him unhappy for life." Later, the Qing army suffered repeated defeats in the Korean battlefield, and the Beiyang Navy suffered serious setbacks in the battle of the Yellow Sea. In order not to affect her 60th anniversary celebration, Cixi hoped that foreign countries would intervene and end the war as soon as possible. She supported Li Hongzhang's policy of avoiding war and seeking peace, and attacked the hawks headed by Guangxu with various excuses. Due to the increasingly tense situation and the heavy pressure of the ruling and opposition parties, she can no longer go her own way and put on airs, so she has to change her original plan and reduce the scale of the birthday celebration. Cixi spent her 60th birthday in Ningshou Palace, the Forbidden City, when Jinzhou and Dalian fell one after another and Lushun was in danger. On February 7th, the following year, ahava Japanese warships and batteries attacked Liu Gongdao, and the Beiyang Navy was wiped out. China's land and sea battlefields were both defeated, and the main peace faction headed by Cixi made up its mind to make peace with Japan. In March, Cixi sent Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary and went to Japan for peace. /kloc-in April of 0/7, an unprecedented humiliating treaty in the history of China, treaty of shimonoseki, was signed. China gave up Korea's suzerain status, paid 200 million taels of silver and ceded Liaodong Peninsula (with the intervention of western powers such as Russia, Germany and France, it later paid 30 million taels of silver).
After the failure of the Sino-Japanese War, the powers set off a frenzy to carve up China. In order to save the nation and survive, the bourgeois reformists launched the Reform Movement (known in history as the Reform Movement of 1898). As for the political reform, Cixi hoped to strengthen the country, and worried that Guangxu would get rid of his control through the political reform. At first, she expressed support, but later she took military power and human rights into her own hands. 1June, 898, Guangxu promulgated the emperor's "Ming Ding Guo as an imperial edict" (that is, "Ming Ding Guo as an imperial edict") and implemented political reform. Emperor Guangxu's political reform touched the interests of Manchu nobles and many feudal bureaucrats. They gathered together and tried their best to oppose political reform. When they heard that Emperor Guangxu tried to get Yuan Shikai to send troops around the garden to kill Rong Lu, Cixi and others staged a coup in 1898, detained Emperor Guangxu and killed six people including Tan Sitong. 1898 After the coup, the Boxer Rebellion rose in northern China. Cixi initially suppressed, but the suppression failed repeatedly, and the Boxer Rebellion developed rapidly and entered Beijing. Cixi hoped to suppress the Boxer Rebellion and treat it differently, but the powers demanded that the Qing government completely annihilate the Boxer Rebellion, regardless of the opposition of the Qing government, and insisted on sending troops to Beijing. Cixi has always been dissatisfied with foreigners, so she came up with the idea of using the Boxer Rebellion against the powers and declared war on them. Cixi's decision was opposed by governors in Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong. They jointly sent a telegram to the Qing court, urging the elimination of the Boxer Rebellion, concluding a treaty with the great powers and implementing "mutual protection in the southeast". On the one hand, Cixi asked the provincial governors to carefully arrange the matters of war prevention and continue to use the Boxer Rebellion to besiege the embassy and attack Eight-Nation Alliance; On the other hand, she sent Rong Lu to the embassy to express condolences to the diplomatic envoys of various countries, and sent letters to the heads of state of Russia, Britain, Japan, Germany, the United States, France and other countries, asking them to come forward to "resolve disputes" and "save the current situation", and transferred Li Hongzhang, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, to be governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang, to prepare for negotiations with the great powers. However, the G8 did not stop attacking.
August 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing; In the early morning of the next day, when the Donghuamen Gate of the Forbidden City was captured, Cixi fled to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu and Empress Li Hongzhang as plenipotentiaries to negotiate with the foreign powers, putting the responsibility for the war on the Boxer, and ordering the Boxer to "add pain to suppression". 1901February 14 approved the outline of the peace talks and issued an imperial edict, saying that it was necessary to "measure China's material resources and gain the favor of the country." On September 7th, it signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with 1 1 imperialist countries, which stipulated that 450 million taels of silver should be paid according to the population of China at that time, and 980 million taels of silver should be paid within 39 years, and the main battle officials should be punished and all the fortresses along Dagu should be demolished. On June 6th of the same year 10, Cixi sent tens of thousands of people and 3,000 luggage carts, leaving Tongguan via Yu and Zhili, and returning to Beijing on March 8th 1902.
In order to maintain her rule and change her image of being conservative and incompetent, Empress Dowager Cixi announced the implementation of the "New Deal" during the "Western Expedition" and carried out reforms in economy, military affairs, education and official system.
1904, the Russo-Japanese War broke out, and the battlefield was in the northeast of China. The Qing government headed by Cixi declared neutrality, and the result of the war was that Japan defeated Russia. Domestic people generally realize that constitutional monarchy is superior to absolute monarchy and demand the Qing government to carry out constitutional reform; At the same time, the domestic revolutionary movement is also growing. In order to maintain her rule, Cixi made a constitutional gesture. 1905 sent five ministers to study abroad, and 1906 announced preparations for constitutionalism. 1908 promulgated the outline of the king's constitution, imitating the constitutions of Germany and Japan, and safeguarding the "sovereign power" of the emperor.
1908, due to Cixi's photo diplomacy, US President theodore roosevelt signed a bill to return boxer indemnity 1000 million US dollars, which was mainly used to help China send overseas students in the United States; After that, Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and other countries successively; The total amount of "excess money" returned by seven countries to China is about 300 million taels, which is quite effective in setting up educational undertakings and should be affirmed.
1908165438+1October 14, Emperor Guangxu died and Emperor Dahang had no children. According to her orders, Zai Feng, Prince of Alcohol, was the Regent, and his son Puyi was the Emperor, with the year number of Xuan Tong, and Cixi was honored as the Empress Dowager.
1908, 165438+ 10 month, 15, 17 (not exactly three minutes), Ye La died in a Luan Hall in Zhongnanhai at the age of 74. Cixi's last words said: "After that, women can't predict state affairs. This violates North Korea's family law and must be strictly restricted. In particular, we must guard against it and not let eunuchs abuse their power. Things in the late Ming Dynasty can be Yin Jian! "
Xuan Tongyuan was buried in Dingdong Mausoleum, Putuo Valley, zunhua city, Hebei Province in October (1909). The emblem is "Empress Dowager Cixi Duan Youkang presented to the Empress in Zhuangqin", and posthumous title is "Empress Dowager Cixi Duan Youkang presented to the Empress Tianxing Sage in Zhuangqin" for short. Posthumous title has a total of 22 words, and posthumous title is longer than the founding of the Qing Dynasty. Ouchi: In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), he entered the palace on the ninth day of May, lived in Lijingxuan, Palace of Gathered Elegance, and became emperor.
From 186 1 to 1884, I lived in Changchun Palace, and sometimes I lived in Yanxitang, the west wing of hall of mental cultivation in Houdian.
From 1884 to 1894, he lived in Palace of Gathered Elegance again, and connected Palace of Gathered Elegance with Yikun Palace.
1894 to1August, 2004 1900. I lived in Leshou Hall of Ningshou Palace and took Xinuange as my dormitory. Garden: from 1852 to 1860, I lived with Emperor Xianfeng in Yuanmingyuan, and my bedroom was a spring of heaven and earth (destroyed by the British and French allied forces).
From 1860 to 186 1, I live in Xinuange of the Summer Resort.
From 65438 to 0888, he lived in the Summer Palace every summer, in Palace of Gathered Elegance or Xiyuan in winter, and occasionally in the Summer Palace.
1888 to 1900, Juyi Garden (now Zhongnanhai) Yiluan Hall (Gengzi returned to Luan and was renamed Tang Haiyan, and Jurentang in the Republic of China, which no longer exists).
From 1902 to 1908, I lived in Yiyuantang (now Huairentang) in Xiyuan (now Zhongnanhai).
Folk songs:
Beijing Xisi Bicai Hutong (Virgin)
Cixi Palace (during Gengzi's voyage to the West)
From 1960s to 1990s, some central and local officials in Qing Dynasty advocated learning from modern western science and technology, training new troops, buying guns and warships, and developing China's military and civilian industries, so as to make Qiang Bing rich. Their representatives have a game in the center? Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo, and Zhang Zhidong. Although their reform did not touch the feudal autocratic political system and social system, in the eyes of the die-hards, it was "changing the ocean into summer", which violated the ancient teachings of the sages. Therefore, from the beginning of the Westernization Movement, the die-hards resolutely opposed it. In the struggle between Westernization and die-hards, Cixi was familiar with political skills and played a balanced strategy. On the one hand, she supports the game. On the other hand, the Westernization School supports the die-hards to contain the Westernization School.
18665438+February, Yi? Please set up a branch in Wentong Museum to recruit people who took the imperial examinations to study astronomy and mathematics. University student Woren personally wrote to Cixi and resolutely opposed it. Cixi asked him to walk in the yamen of the prime minister's affairs, which presided over westernization. Japanese people have always hated westernization. February1866,65438 asked him to do westernization. Woren thought it was an insult to himself and refused again and again, but Cixi refused to take it back, which embarrassed the die-hards. He went to the study room to give a lecture to Emperor Tongzhi, and he felt it and couldn't help crying. In the end, Woren asked to fill the vacancy on the grounds of illness. With the approval of Cixi, she was relieved of all her duties.
After the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, imperialism set off an upsurge of carving up China, and the national crisis was unprecedented. Under the influence of reformists, Guangxu was determined to reform. The struggle between political reform and anti-political reform is very fierce. On June 1898, 1 1 day, Cixi told Guangxu: "The day before yesterday, imperial envoy Yang Shenxiu and bachelor Xu Zhijing said that the country was undecided, which was good. Today, it is appropriate to understand the Declaration by focusing on Western learning. " Therefore, Guangxu promulgated "Guo Ding as the Imperial edict" drafted by Weng Tonghe, and took the emphasis on western learning and reform and self-improvement as the national policy of the Qing Dynasty, which made the reform movement gain legal status. However, this political reform involves the political system of the Qing Dynasty, and the bottom line of Cixi's political reform is that the laws of her ancestors cannot be changed. With the deepening of political reform, the differences between Cixi and the reformists are growing. In particular, Kang Youwei suggested to imitate the first dynasty to open a temple and elect talents, and invite special politicians from the east and the west to discuss the system and plan all the things that should be reformed before implementation, which was even more unacceptable to Cixi. When Guangxu made this request to Cixi, "The Empress Dowager did not answer, and her expression was abnormal." From the expression of Cixi, Guangxu felt that there was a crisis in the political reform. In order to carry on the political reform, Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong conspired to win Yuan Shikai, who was training in tianjin railway station, to take his newly-built army to Beijing and surround the Summer Palace, forcing Cixi to withdraw from the political arena. Because the die-hards are powerful, Yuan Shikai is also a speculative, timid and smooth person, and it is impossible to stand on the side of the reformists. Therefore, this top-down reform failed. Cixi experienced five imperialist wars of aggression against China from 1840 to 1900. She was a five-year-old child during the First Opium War. During the Second Opium War, she was the imperial concubine of Emperor Xianfeng. After the Sino-French War, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion, she was the highest decision-maker in the Qing Dynasty. From the main battle and peace of Cixi, we can see the change of the relationship between Cixi and imperialism.
On September 2 1, 65438,860, the Qing army was defeated in the battle of Baliqiao, and the British and French allied forces advanced on Beijing. Xianfeng decided to flee to Jehol Summer Resort. When Xianfeng was leaving, Yi Guifei strongly remonstrated and asked Xianfeng to stay in Beijing and continue to resist. To this end, she angered Xianfeng and was almost killed. Hey? When she signed the Beijing Treaty with the British and French allied forces, Yi Guifei was deeply ashamed and advised Xianfeng to scrap the treaty and fight again. Because Xianfeng was dying, he had to give up.
After the outbreak of the Sino-French war, the struggle between the hawk faction and the peace faction was very fierce. Cixi blamed Yi for the successive defeats of the Qing army. He was relieved of all his posts, as were four other military ministers. However, the struggle for peace and war within the Qing government did not stop. 1On August 23rd, 884, French warships raided Fujian Navy, and Fujian Navy was completely annihilated. Cixi ordered a declaration of war on France and continued to insist on peace talks with six ministers of the Prime Minister's yamen, including Zhang. 1February 885, the French army captured Lang Er, and Cixi turned to the Lord. With the fall of Zhennanguan, Cixi lost confidence in the victory of the war. James Duncan Campbell, an Englishman from China Customs in London, was authorized to make secret peace with the French Foreign Ministry in Paris. 1on April 4th, 885, James Duncan Campbell was authorized to sign the Paris armistice agreement with the French government. On June 9th, Li Hongzhang was authorized to sign the Sino-French New Testament with French Ambassador to China Badeno in Tianjin. Cixi led two reforms in her life, the first was the Westernization Movement, and the second was the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty. The former is a material change, while the latter is an institutional change.
Carry out the Westernization Movement and open up the road of modernization in China.
Westernization Movement was the first large-scale imitation and study of western industrialization in modern China, and it was a top-down reform movement under the premise of maintaining feudal imperial power. After the18th century, the Westernization Movement introduced a large number of scientific and technological achievements from the west, introduced and translated a large number of western works and documents, trained the first batch of children studying abroad, and opened the door to western learning. Drawing lessons from the modern company system, a large number of industrial and chemical enterprises have been built, which has opened the road of industrial development and modernization in China in the future. In the Sino-Japanese War, beiyang fleet was completely annihilated and the Westernization Movement went bankrupt. The Westernization Movement paved the way for China's modernization.
Implement the "New Deal" and reform the army, business, learning, officials and law.
On August 29, 190 1 issued an order to stop the martial arts imperial examination nationwide; 1 1 In September, all provinces were ordered to imitate Beiyang and Liangjiang to build armament schools. /kloc-in September of 0/2, all provinces in China were ordered to reduce the old army and train the "standing army". The compilation and training of the "new army" has been rolled out throughout the country. 190365438+On February 4th, 2003, a training office was established, and Prime Minister Yilong, Prince Qing and Yuan Shikai were appointed as conference training ministers, with Tie Liang in charge. The real power of the training office is in Yuan Shikai's hands. The Qing government also ordered all provinces to set up training institutes to train "new army" institutions for provincial leaders.
1On September 7th, 903, the Qing government set up the Ministry of Commerce to encourage officials and businessmen to set up industrial and commercial enterprises. Then, a series of industrial and commercial laws and measures were promulgated to reward the industry, such as: Qing Commercial Law, Articles of Association of Chamber of Commerce, Concise Railway Articles of Association, Articles of Association for Rewarding China Company, Articles of Association for Mining Company, Articles of Association for Company Registration, Articles of Association for Pilot Banks, etc. These articles of association stipulate that the free development of industry is allowed, the establishment of industrial and commercial enterprises is rewarded, and the organization of chambers of commerce is encouraged. These regulations and practices are conducive to the development of national industry and commerce and the prosperity of social economy.
First proposed constitutional monarchy.
1908, Empress Dowager Cixi introduced the constitutional monarchy for the first time in the history of China, and listed the nine-year timetable: 1909 held the provincial advisory council election; 19 10 High Council opened; 19 17 held a national assembly and implemented constitutionalism. If we follow this timetable step by step, within ten years, China will become a constitutional monarchy country like Japan and Britain. The monarch is the symbol of the country, the legislative power is in the National Assembly, the executive power is in the Cabinet, and the judicial power is in the courts at all levels. The dawn of democratic constitutionalism will once again come to China. If it weren't for the great reform of Empress Dowager Cixi, the persecution and subversion of domestic and foreign forces, the second year after the timetable was announced, she suddenly died, the supreme authority suddenly lost, the Qing court was leaderless, and the provincial governors embraced her, and the timetable for constitutional implementation stopped. Perhaps today's China is probably not the current political system.
Abolish the imperial examination, run schools, send overseas students and ban opium.
190 1 on September 4th, 2000, it was ordered that the academies of provincial capitals be changed into university halls, the provincial capitals and Zhili states into middle schools, the counties into primary schools, and more foster schools were set up. On February 5, 65438, the regulations on imperial examination certificates were promulgated, which stipulated that school graduates could pass the examination to become Jinshi, Juren and Gong Sheng.
1902 February 13 announced measures to promote schools. /kloc-in August of 0/5, the charter of King James School was promulgated.
1904,65438+10, 13 On June 3rd, the School Rules Amendment was promulgated, which stipulated in detail the rules, regulations and management systems of schools at all levels, and required them to be implemented nationwide by decree. Parallel to ordinary schools is professional education, including normal schools and various industrial schools, which has its own system in academic system and establishes a complete school system.
1905 On September 2nd, the imperial examination system, which lasted for more than 1300 years in China, was finally abolished, and the recruitment of scholars in the imperial examination was completely decoupled from school education. In order to manage the work of international students in a unified way, the Qing government sent directors to Japan and Europe on June 1902, June 3 1 and June 1906 and June 2, respectively.
1903 10 The Qing government promulgated the "Regulations on Awards for Graduates Studying Abroad", stipulating that all Japanese students studying in China who have graduated from Japanese ordinary middle schools for five years and obtained excellent diplomas will be given eight public schools;
In addition, Cixi also used part of the refund from the Boxer Rebellion in the United States to build Tsinghua School (now Tsinghua University) in Tsinghua campus, and the rest was used to build a girls' school and a new school. In addition to setting up girls' schools, it also advocated abolishing the bad habit of foot-binding, the decree that Manchu and Han could not marry, and prohibiting opium smoking, which lasted for nearly 600 years.
"Since smoking opium was banned, opium has been poisoned several times in China, and opium addicts have become waste, unemployed, sick and losers. For decades, Japan has accumulated weakness, and because of this, it can be said that it is hateful. Today, the imperial court is determined to apply to the Chinese people urgently to know how to pull out the salt, so as to get rid of the sink and live a harmonious life, and set a ten-year period to cut off the harm of all exotic herbs. How to ban smoking and poppy cultivation respectively is discussed by the regional office. " -Empress Dowager Cixi banned opium.
Apart from China, Britain is the country most affected by this movement. When this imperial edict was promulgated, Britain sent 50,000 boxes of opium to China every year. But Britain immediately agreed that if China really wanted to change, it was willing to reduce production by 10% every year, and Britain would also reduce its exports to China by 10% every year. Unfortunately, Empress Dowager Cixi died before the victory of this reform, but whatever the outcome of this reform, the pioneering work of Empress Dowager Cixi is undeniable.
Change the policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business in China feudal society.
In the late Qing dynasty, due to the change of the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, the commodity economy began to develop and the bourgeoisie began to form and grow. Empress Dowager Cixi adopted a constitutional monarchy suitable for productive forces. Therefore, the feudal society gradually disappeared in the eight years of Empress Dowager Cixi's New Deal, that is to say, the late Qing Dynasty was no longer a feudal society in the traditional sense. The usual Revolution of 1911 overthrew the feudal dynasty, but in fact it overthrew only the last shell of the feudal dynasty. Because the late Qing Dynasty did not conform to the definition of feudal society economically and politically, Empress Dowager Cixi made great contributions to China's transition from feudal society to capitalist society and from ancient times to modern times. Abolishing the imperial examination, establishing schools, sending people abroad to study, and establishing westernization have created a new situation of reform and opening up and laid the foundation for China's modernization. This great significance cannot be overestimated. In fact, the new atmosphere after the Revolution of 1911 is just a continuation of Empress Dowager Cixi's New Deal. 1906, empress dowager cixi banned foot binding, which was the first time that China liberated women. She personally questioned the case of Yang Naiwu cabbage, made it clear, pardoned the death of cabbage that could not withstand torture and perjury, and severely punished more than 300 corrupt officials involved in the case below the Governor of Zhejiang.
With the acquiescence of Empress Dowager Cixi, girls' schools were set up to impart new knowledge, which gradually became popular in coastal towns such as Shanghai and Guangzhou, which opened earlier. Cixi's actions represented the most representative views of pioneers who advocated opening the doors of China girls' schools in those years, and were generally accepted by reformist enlightened bureaucrats and gentry. Although it is still far from "equality between men and women" and the complete liberation of women, it also goes against the traditional feudal moral concepts that have been ingrained for thousands of years and is strongly vilified and resisted by powerful feudal guardians, girls' schools are spreading like a spark can start a prairie fire. raise the national flag
1840 after the opium war, with the invasion of western powers, the Qing dynasty, which was originally closed to the outside world, had more and more contacts with western powers. In his diplomatic activities such as negotiation, signing contracts, trading and exchanging diplomats with western powers, Li Hongzhang saw that the western countries solemnly hoisted the national flag, while China had no flag to hang. He was deeply humbled by the "power of China". So I hit Empress Dowager Cixi, put forward that diplomatic occasions need a flag representing the Great Qing Dynasty, and requested to issue a national flag. Cixi asked Li Hongzhang to design patterns. After collecting and screening in many ways, Li Hongzhang put forward various schemes for Empress Dowager Cixi, such as Bagua Banner, Huanglong Banner, Qilin Banner and Tiger Leopard Banner, and finally decided to use Huanglong Banner as the flag of the Great Qing Dynasty. Originally used as the flag of Beiyang Navy, it was promulgated in 1888 (Guangxu 14), and it was confirmed that the Red Pearl Map of Huanglong Opera, which was originally the flag of Beiyang Navy, was the Qing flag (commonly known as "Huanglong Banner").
Set the national anthem
Looking back at history, before the Qing Dynasty, China closed its doors to the outside world, so there was no national anthem. Ceng Jize, Minister of the Qing Dynasty in Britain, was deeply moved when he saw western countries playing the national anthem at a public ceremony. He felt that the Qing empire should have its own national anthem, so he specially played a draft of national music, but it was not passed. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), the War Department of the Qing Empire was established, and an army military song was composed, which temporarily became the national anthem before the official national anthem "Gong Jin Ou" came out. Whenever we need to play the national anthem in international communication, we will use this military song instead. It was not until 19 1 1 that the Qing Empire formally formulated the national anthem "Gong Jin Europe".
Dingguo emblem
The national emblem of the Qing Dynasty is the "Panlong" emblem, and the symbol is the "Panlong" pattern, which is also the emblem symbol of the Qing royal family and represents the emblem of the Qing State. This is the first national emblem in the history of China.
Ding Guohua
1903, Empress Dowager Cixi designated peony as the national flower in the form of imperial edict;
The edition of Cihai 19 15 reads: "Peony is the national flower of China".