Who invented Chinese Pinyin? It is interesting to say that he is a foreigner. The pronunciation of ancient Chinese characters in China usually adopts the method of "tangency of two characters", such as "Dong". This method is obviously too complicated to read accurately. In A.D. 16 10, a French missionary named Gingri came to China. He is an old hand of China. 1626, he wrote a book "Eyes and ears of Chinese and Western Confucianism", which recorded the pronunciation of Chinese characters accurately with Latin pinyin letters for the first time. During his stay in China, he met Han Yun, Wang Zheng and others, and with their help, he compiled the first Latin phonetic alphabet in China based on the Miracle of Chinese Pinyin in Western Documents by missionaries such as Matteo Ricci.

First, the Chinese Pinyin Movement and Mandarin and Mandarin

Chinese Pinyin Scheme is a Pinyin Scheme for spelling standard Chinese.

China's national standard language was gradually established in the modernization movement of China, which had a great influence on the social, scientific and cultural development of the Chinese nation at the end of19th century. At first, the Chinese modernization movement refers to the Chinese Pinyin Movement (then called "Pinyin Movement and Simplified Chinese Character Movement"), the Putonghua Movement and the Vernacular Chinese Movement. The three major Chinese movements in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China had a common goal, that is, to popularize education by reforming the spoken and written languages, so as to meet the needs of social development and scientific and cultural development at that time, and then to make Qiang Bing prosperous and rejuvenate the Chinese nation. The Mandarin Movement is a movement to establish and popularize spoken Chinese, and the vernacular movement is a movement to advocate the use of spoken Chinese instead of classical Chinese as the official written language. All three sports have their own goals, but their internal relations are very close. As far as the historical origin is concerned, the movement of word segmentation occurred the earliest, which triggered the national language movement. Since then, the establishment of Chinese standard pronunciation, the formulation of phonetic symbols, the Chinese standardization movement in the 1950s, and the emergence of Chinese pinyin schemes have all come down in one continuous line and complemented each other. Therefore, our discussion also started from here.

The historical prologue of the Chinese Pinyin Movement can be traced back to the late Ming Dynasty, but the direct cause of the large-scale Chinese Pinyin Movement in China was the national humiliation of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and the people of China never forget it. This point is clearly stated by Qian in the article Phonetic Alphabet and Modern National Voice (1929): "In 1894 (Wu Jia), China lost the first world war against Japan, so people of insight in middle schools know that the political reform and universal education are not enough to exist in the world, but when it comes to universal education, there will be problems. To solve this problem, it is necessary to create a new phonetic word ... ". As a result, "the movement to promote simplified characters and seek universal education is growing ...". In fact, the ideological innovation in the field of Chinese characters has already begun before this, and the lofty status of Chinese characters has been shaken for thousands of years. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing government signed the treaty of shimonoseki in Shimonoseki, Japan, which not only compensated huge military expenditure, but also ceded Taiwan Province Province and Penghu. At that time, the shock of the ruling and opposition parties aroused the patriotic conscience of the public, especially the enterprising intellectuals. Everyone speculated on the reasons for China's failure, and agreed that "if Chinese characters are not revolutionary, education will never be popularized and the country will never be rich and strong." At that time, Tan Sitong, known as the "comet of the ideological circle", first took the lead in calling for the abolition of Chinese characters and the use of pinyin characters. Passers-by horses responded, and they rose up one after another, creating simple and easy-to-learn "sounding new words". In the late Qing dynasty, the phonetic symbol movement, that is, the Chinese Pinyin movement, was in full swing.

According to statistics, there are as many as 27 pinyin schemes still on file in the last decade of the late Qing Dynasty. Most of the pinyin schemes in this period were designed for spelling a certain dialect, but pinyin characters are, after all, a kind of characters that spell language sounds, so they touched on the unity of Chinese language from the beginning. At that time, Lu Taizhang, who was called "the first person engaged in syncopation movement", put forward two basic principles for making pinyin letters in his new word order of syncopation (1892): "the unity of words and phrases" and "the simplicity of calligraphy and painting", that is, the words express sounds and the glyphs are simple and easy to write. At the same time, it is also proposed to use Nanjing dialect as the "provincial accent", so that the national "language and writing are both unified and spoken and written". China is big, but it is like a family. If you don't follow the people's boundaries, you will be speechless. "These words have obviously gone beyond the scope of pure text reform, involving the unification and development of national languages.

However, all kinds of Latin pinyin schemes designed by Lu Taizhang still focus on spelling Min-Guang dialect. Later, he submitted the Phonetic Alphabet of China to the department of the Qing government, which was rejected on the grounds that it was "not accessible to all provinces" and "not enough to unify the dialects of all provinces". Soon after, a sound clipping scheme-Wang Zhao's Mandarin Chorus immediately stood out. Spelling was the most influential "Beijing dialect" at that time, and the letter form completely adopted the radicals of Chinese characters. "Mandarin Chorus Letters" is very popular, covering more than half of China, "from Beijing and Tianjin to heaven, while in Nanjing, Mandarin letters are all over 13 provinces." Wang Zhao himself can be said to have completely grasped the development trend of languages in various countries at that time. He clearly declared in the preface of "Mandarin Chorus Letters": "The language must be unified, and Beijing dialect should be used ... Beijing dialect is the most convenient to promote, so it is called Mandarin. The official is public, and if it is public, it is necessary to choose a large number. " Because of this, his Mandarin Chorus Alphabet was supported by Wu Rulun, the president of Shi Jing University Hall (the predecessor of Peking University), and together with Zhang Zhidong and Zhang Baixi, the minister of management department, he asked the court to stipulate that "Chinese is a subject, and Mandarin is a subject" in the school charter, and asked the Qing Dynasty to "unify the languages of the world with official sounds", and the court quickly approved them. As a result, the Chinese Pinyin Movement triggered the unification of Putonghua, and at the same time, it was able to join the government from the people. Later, in "Mandarin Education" (19 1 1), the Qing government stipulated that pinyin "simplified characters" could be used for two purposes: one was to combine Putonghua and the other was to standardize the pronunciation of Chinese characters, and a "unified Putonghua case" was passed, which was stipulated in the eighth year of Xuantong (1). In fact, the movement to determine the national tone, formulate the alphabet and unify the national language was carried out by the lower society and the national government.

From the above brief review, we can see that the Chinese Pinyin movement, which developed at the end of 19, was closely linked with the unification of language, social development and national unity from the beginning. Historical facts have proved more than once that no matter what kind of pinyin design goes against the development trend of language unification, it is doomed to failure. Lu Taizhang's first Latin pinyin scheme, China Qie Yin Alphabet, mainly spelled Min Guang dialect, but it was rejected because it was "not accessible to all provinces" and "not enough to unify the dialects of all provinces". Later, Lao Naixuan, a scholar in Tongzhi and a court official, designed a simplified Chinese character complete spectrum (a phonography with Chinese characters), which can be used in major dialects in all provinces. The complete spectrum includes Beijing, Nanjing (Nanjing dialect), Wu and Min dialects, covering almost all dialects, and he also proposed "Min dialect". Lao Naixuan himself was summoned by Cixi, and his "Record of Simplified Characters" was also approved by the imperial court, allowing the academic department to discuss and play. Even so, the academic departments of the Qing government shelved the proposal on the grounds of "splitting languages and hindering reunification", and the society also sharply criticized him, saying that according to his method, "China will be ruled by the same language" and called him "the chief culprit of splitting languages". It is thought-provoking to compare the fate of the pinyin schemes of Lu Taizhang, Lao Naixuan and Wang Zhao, the three leading figures of the Qieyin Movement in the late Qing Dynasty, especially Lao Naixuan and Wang Zhao, wanted criminals who participated in the "Hundred Days Reform".

Second, the historical relationship between Chinese Pinyin Scheme and Phonetic Alphabet, Guoluo and Bella.

19 12, after the founding of the Republic of China, the government continued to promote Putonghua. In the upsurge of popularizing Putonghua, the standard pronunciation of Putonghua has changed from "focusing on Beijing pronunciation, giving consideration to the north and south" to a new national pronunciation based on Beijing pronunciation, and then the phonetic symbol has been renamed as phonetic symbol, which has become a sharp weapon to popularize Putonghua, making Putonghua enter the Chinese teaching in normal schools and primary schools and laid a solid position in the fields of radio, film and drama.

During the Republic of China, the most important historical experience of the Putonghua movement was to make the primary national common language (Putonghua) without clear standards naturally become the advanced national common language (Putonghua and Putonghua) with clear norms, and to choose a natural language as the basis for its own existence and development. In the long-term practice, the Putonghua Movement finally found the "China Language Heart" (Liu Fuyu's language), and clearly declared that Beijing (the Ministry) was the standard pronunciation for unifying the national language (see the Declaration of the National Putonghua Movement Congress). This is its greatest historical achievement, which laid the foundation for the Chinese standardization movement after the founding of 1949 New China and the formulation of the scheme to promote Putonghua and Chinese Pinyin.

From the perspective of academic development, the phonetic symbols of Putonghua, romanization of Putonghua and Latin neologisms in northern dialects appeared in different historical periods of the Chinese Pinyin Movement, and the schemes of Chinese Pinyin came down in one continuous line until the end of 1950s. The design of "Chinese Pinyin Scheme" has fully absorbed many valuable experiences in the past, especially in the Pinyin design of Guoluo and Bella, and has widely listened to opinions from all sides. This plan certainly has its originality. But more is to absorb and develop the advantages of many pinyin designs in history. Let's talk about the inheritance and development relationship between Chinese Pinyin Scheme and Athena Chu Symbol, Guoluo, Bella and other Pinyin designs from several main aspects.

Hanyu Pinyin is the Latin scheme of Chinese characters of People's Republic of China (PRC) (China), which was researched and formulated by the Hanyu Pinyin Scheme Committee of China Character Reform Committee during the character reform from 65438 to 65438. This pinyin scheme is mainly used to mark the pronunciation of Putonghua and Chinese as the phonetic symbol of Chinese characters. National People's Congress1958 February 1 1 approved for publication.

Scheme. 1982, which became the international standard ISO 7098 (Chinese Roman alphabet spelling). Some overseas Chinese areas, such as Singapore, use Chinese Pinyin in Chinese teaching.

history

The Chinese Pinyin Scheme can be traced back to Zhu 1906' s Jiangsu New Letters and Liu Mengyang 1908' s China Pinyin Scheme. There are also 1926 Chinese Roman characters and 19365438 Latin Chinese characters. The Latin scheme of all these Chinese characters provides the basis for the formulation of Chinese Pinyin.

1949, Wu wrote, suggesting that in order to effectively eliminate illiteracy, it is necessary to carry out rapid text reform. Mao Zedong wrote back to Guo Moruo, Mao Dun and others to learn, and in June 1949+00, he established the China Character Reform Association, one of which was to study the scheme of Chinese Pinyin.

1954, the China Character Reform Association was changed to the China Character Reform Committee directly under the State Council, during which more than 600 Chinese phonetic schemes were received. Generally speaking, there are several forms: Chinese character strokes, Latin letters, Slavic letters, mixed forms of several letters, shorthand, patterns and numbers. Finally, we decided to adopt Latin alphabet as the symbol system of Chinese Pinyin to facilitate international communication and cooperation.

Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet

The Chinese Pinyin Scheme is a Latin alphabet Chinese Pinyin Scheme officially approved and published by the Fifth Session of the First National People's Congress in 1958.

1977, the Third United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names decided to adopt Chinese Pinyin as the international standard for the spelling of Roman letters of geographical names in China.

1982 is ISO 7098 issued by the International Organization for Standardization.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia