(1) Unique steaming process. In China, there are three types of tea systems: grass green, steamed green and fried green. Grass green was popular before the Tang Dynasty, fried green was popular after the Ming Dynasty, and steamed green was popular during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The production technology of Jianzhou Beiyuan tribute tea belongs to steamed green tea. Steam green, that is, wash the collected tea with clear water, put it in a steamer, and steam it after the water is boiled. Steam tea moderately, not over-ripe or under-ripe. Overripe tea is yellow and has a light taste, while bud tea is erosive, not easy to stick, green in color, but easy to precipitate and has a grassy flavor. Rinse with cold water after steaming, and enter the next process after cooling. Beiyuan changed from grass green to steamed green in Tang Dynasty, forming a unique steaming green process in Song Dynasty.
(2) Unique production technology. Beiyuan Longfeng tribute tea, from picking to making tea cakes. The production process is divided into tea picking, tea picking, tea steaming, tea pressing, tea grinding, tea making, yellowing and baking, and it is divided into "water" and "fire". It is required that "selection must be refined, cooking must be clean, steaming must be fragrant, and fire must be good". Strict working procedure and fine technology make the production technology of Longfeng Tuanbing tribute tea reach its peak, and its rigorous and unique production technology has been formed from tea picking to molding.
(3) Unique shape of bread. In the Song Dynasty, Beiyuan Longfeng Tea was a kind of cake-shaped tea group, which was made by printing tea cream on a specific mold. The mold has silver mold and copper mold, and the ring has silver ring, copper ring and bamboo ring. Printed tea cakes are square, round, oval and flower-shaped, with different shapes, and the molding process is formed by molds.
(4) Unique decorative features. Gongcha produced in Beiyuan Yubei is printed with dragon and phoenix patterns. The difference between the royal tribute (official baking) and the local tribute (private baking) is that the official baking tribute is printed with special patterns of dragons and phoenixes, while the folk private baking can never use dragon and phoenix patterns, only simple patterns other than dragons and phoenixes can be printed. The surface of Longfeng Tea Group produced by Beiyuan Imperial Restaurant is printed with dragon and phoenix patterns, which are marked as the "jade food" of the emperor. Dragon pattern is called dragon group, dragon group and phoenix pattern are called phoenix group and phoenix group, which are collectively called dragon group chicken cake.
(5) Unique drinking method. Longtuanfeng cake tribute tea is a kind of cake tea with tight mold. Before drinking, tea cakes must be ground, and tea leaves are very particular from grinding to brewing, forming a unique tea tasting process. Especially because of the systematization, standardization and artistry of the long-term cooking process among court officials, tea drinking has been endowed with unique cultural connotation, which has pushed the tea drinking style representing the Song Dynasty to the extreme.
(6) Unique cultural phenomenon. The prosperity of Beiyuan tribute tea and the historical development of Shanggong for more than 400 years have promoted the excavation and prosperity of Beiyuan tea culture: Beiyuan tea culture is a unique system, extensive and profound.
1. The prosperity of Beiyuan Imperial Tea triggered the popularity of tea science in the Song Dynasty. Since the publication of Lu Yu, the first monograph on tea science in China, there have been monographs on tea science in Song Dynasty, such as Jian 'an Tea Story, Cai Xiang Tea Story, New Tea Trial Story and Zhao Beiyuan Bielu. In fact, it accounts for more than two thirds (most of it has been lost). At present, the complete versions (contained in China Ancient Tea Classic published by Zhejiang Photography Publishing House) are: Cai Xiang's Tea Story, Dongxi Tea Trial Story, Zhao's Beiyuan Bielu, Daguan Tea Theory and Tea Tasting Story. Beiyuan monograph on tea science is the wealth created by Chinese ancestors, and it is a very precious historical material for studying tribute tea, tea history, tea science and tea culture in Song Dynasty.
2. Poetry is more poetic because of tea, and tea is farther because of poetry. With the prosperity of Beiyuan, the exquisiteness of Beiyuan imperial tea and the special status of its royal tribute, a large number of poems and songs praising Beiyuan tea appeared. For example, Su Dongpo's poem "Huishan Qiandao people cook a small group to climb the top of Taihu Lake" praises: "Take a small group of heaven and moon alone and taste the best Er Quan in the world"; Cai Xiang's poem "Thanks for Sending Tea to Grandson" praises: "Beiyuanling Cliff is the best in the world"; Lu You's poem "Jian 'an Snow" said: "Jianxi official tea is the best in the world, and it needs light snow for all its fragrance." More than 373 ancient masters, including Zeng, Song, Lin Bu, Fan Zhongyan, Mei, Ouyang Xiu, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, Wang Anshi, Su Song, Su Zhe, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei, Zeng Yi, Chao, Wang, Zhou Bida, Yang Wanli, Zhu Xi, Hong Xiwen and Li Qingzhao, praised the tea poems in Beiyuan. It has a large number of famous artists and a high reputation, second only to Beiyuan, especially in China Tea Culture Garden.
3. The prosperity of Beiyuan tea in Jianzhou Beiyuan induced the tea fighting culture. According to the examination, the rise of tea fighting originated in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the tea town of Beiyuan, Jianzhou. Every spring, after the new tea is made, local tea farmers, tea customers and government officials compete to try their own new tea, evaluate the good and discuss the bad, and strive for new ideas. As a result, the wind of fighting tea naturally flourished and became a unique and beautiful characteristic culture in Beiyuan tea area. "Fighting tea" is called "tea war" in Jianzhou. Fan Zhongyan, a litterateur in the Song Dynasty, collaborated with Sharla Cheung in "Tea Fighting Song", which vividly described the grand occasion of tea fighting in Beiyuan, Jianzhou at that time: "... Beiyuan will sacrifice the heavenly son, and heroes under the forest will compete for beauty first". Fighting tea, also known as ordering tea and tasting tea, is to taste the quality of tea and brew tea art through cooking. Fighting tea has the characteristics of skill and winning or losing, and it is interesting and challenging. Tea fighting was very popular in the Song Dynasty, from emperors and generals, dignitaries and literati to ordinary people, vendors and vagrants. In the Song Dynasty, the culture of "fighting tea" in Jianzhou was popular all over the country.
4. Tea culture uses water injection to divide tea in the process of ordering tea. The skill of playing tea basket makes the surface of tea soup present figures, trees, clouds and flowers and birds. Tea-sharing was loved by scholars, but it was also introduced into the palace. Its main body is the emperor and prince of the upper class, and the royal family is closely related to the state. The main forms of palace tea culture activities are: (1) giving tea. For example, in the Song Dynasty's Qingbo magazine, during the Yuanfeng period in Song Shenzong (A.D. 1078- 1085), Cai Xiang created Miyun Dragon on the basis of Xiaolong and Fenghuang Group. Every year, there are few officials and servants who build tribute, serve ancestral temples and provide food. Rich and poor, Li Qi begged for special gifts. "It is difficult to send tea to Beiyuan. (2) tea banquet. The subjects are emperors, ministers and maids. After entering the Song Dynasty, the emperor was particularly fond of Beiyuan tea, and he often engaged in tea drinking activities and learned about tea affairs. Cai Jing's Quyan Story of Yanfu Palace tells that in December of Song Xuanhe's second year, Song Huizong called the prince's ministers to take Jian 'an Beiyuan group tea from Yanfu Palace and personally performed the skill of filling soup and distributing tea. "White breasts floating on the surface, such as sparse stars and bright moon", won a full house applause.
5. Shoushan Culture Beiyuan Tea is a famous royal tea. Every spring, when mining to make tea, local officials pay special attention to it and hold an activity called mountain tea making to show their grandeur. The time to call the mountain was chosen during a thunderstorm. Officials in charge of supervising the production of Beiyuan tribute tea and Jian 'an county took the stage to call the mountain to worship the tea god. After the sacrifice, golden drums rang, firecrackers rang and red candles burned. The tea farmers in the audience shouted in unison: "Tea buds! Tea bud! " Acoustic shock valley, the scene is very spectacular. In the poem "Taste New Tea, Make Yu Sheng", Ouyang Xiu described the scene of beating gongs and drums and calling for mountains when picking tea in Beiyuan. "The night drums are full of valleys, and thousands of people call for buds!" .
6. Poetry Writing Due to the status and superior quality of Beiyuan tea, many famous scholars have written poems about Beiyuan tea, such as Cai Xiang, Ouyang Xiu, Mei, Wang Anshi, Fan Zhongyan, Shen Kuo, Su Shi, Lu You and Song. According to preliminary statistics, there are 19 kinds of tea monographs about Beiyuan in Song Zhiming, with nearly 200 articles and 684 poems. Cai Xiang is one of the four great calligraphers in the Northern Song Dynasty. His "Tea Story" takes the tea affair in Beiyuan as the background, and comprehensively introduces the methods of drinking tea. The calligraphy of Tea Story is the best in Cai Xiang, and it is regarded as a treasure by calligraphy lovers in past dynasties. Beiyuan tea science and the prosperity of tea culture. It has become the most informative historical material in the history of tea in Song Dynasty, which indicates that Beiyuan tea has become a unique material and cultural phenomenon and an important part of the research object and literati life.
7. The Story of Tea Beiyuan Tea has produced a large number of tea people's stories in hundreds of years of tea activities, which are well-known and add a lot of color to Beiyuan tea culture. For example, tea was very popular when Cai Xiang knew it in Song Dynasty. It is said that there are tea trees in the crevices of Jian 'an Nengren Hospital, and the monks in the temple made eight tea cakes, which are called Shi Dangbai. The monk sent four tea cakes to Cai Xiang, and the remaining four were secretly given to Yu Yu, an official in Beijing. One day, Cai Xiang visited Yu, who asked his disciples to serve tea. When Cai Xiang saw the tea, he said, This tea is very similar to the white tea made of stone in Neng Ren Yuan. Yu Yu didn't believe it, so he asked his disciples, and it happened. There are 38 stories about similar tea events. In addition, famous artists are full of praise for Beiyuan tea book stickers, such as Cai Xiang's Tea Story and Su Shi's New Year Celebration, which reflect the richness of Beiyuan tea culture and become a wonderful flower in China tea culture garden.
8. There is a "Zhangsangong Temple" in Fenghuang Mountain, which belongs to the tea god Beiyuan. Incense has been passed down from generation to generation, and tea farmers often go to temples to burn incense and pray for a bumper harvest of tea. Zhang Sangong's name is Zhang Tinghui. In the Five Dynasties, he opened Fiona Fang Lisan Tea Garden in Fenghuang Mountain. Later, the tea garden was given to Fujian, which laid the historical position of Beiyuan tea. As a result, Phoenix Mountain became a royal tea garden. In order to commemorate him, people set up a statue in the Song Dynasty and regarded it as the tea god. Tea farmers have been offering sacrifices for generations. Up to now, the new tea has been picked, the tea factory has been opened, and the tea farmers have gone to worship.
9. Teahouse Party Because of the reputation of Beiyuan Tea, Jian 'an Teahouse is very popular. Beiyuan Phoenix Mountain has wangjinglou, which is unique to Fengtang, Flavor Pavilion, Teahouse and Phoenix Mountain. Tourists come to Beiyuan in an endless stream, so Jian 'an Teahouse and Teahouse are also very popular. This cultural custom was preserved by Jian 'ou people.
Beiyuan tea culture, including tea monographs, tea poems, tea stories and anecdotes of celebrities, is rich in content, profound in connotation, unique in system and profound. It is a wonderful flower in China Tea Culture Garden. It has extremely high historical, cultural and artistic research and development and utilization value. It has a very important historical role in the improvement and development of Beiyuan tea and the development of tea culture in Song Dynasty, which can be summarized into six aspects:
1, the popularity of Beiyuan tea has increased greatly. The activity and spread of Beiyuan tea culture also promoted Beiyuan tea. Among them, the court and literati played an important role. In ancient times, there were no radios, televisions and newspapers. The media are mainly literati and officials, and the emperor plays a decisive role. No one can say that the emperor likes the world. After the Five Dynasties, the emperor's admiration for Beiyuan tea determined its development and prosperity.
2. Beiyuan tea art has been greatly improved. Beiyuan tea affair has become an art, pursuing perfection in form and content. Not only the art of picking tea, but also the art of making tea and drinking tea, the choice of tea set and environment.
3. The prosperity of tea literature and tea science in Beiyuan. The prosperous Beiyuan tea literature and tea science have become the most informative historical materials in the history of tea in Song Dynasty, which indicates that Beiyuan tea has become a unique material and cultural phenomenon and an important part of literati's life.
Drinking Beiyuan tea has become a fashion and pursuit. As Fan Zhongyan said in "Tea Fight Song": Because the price of Beiyuan tea "Chang 'an Liquor" has dropped by tens of millions, the Kyoto drug market has no light. It's better to sip the fairy mountain and then want to fly in the wind. "
5. Society spreads the wind of civilization. The cultivation of Beiyuan tea culture has enabled tea people to cultivate their self-cultivation, and tea ceremony and tea ceremony have gradually formed, which has played a positive role in promoting social civilization.
6. It played a positive role in guiding the prosperity and progress of China tea culture in and after the Song Dynasty. Today, Japan still produces tea powder, and the method of drinking tea is basically the same as Kitahara. It cannot be said that it is not influenced by Beiyuan tea culture.