First aid: First, blink hard and frequently, and wash away foreign objects with tears. If not, pinch your eyelids and rinse your eyes under the tap. Be sure to take off your contact lenses.
Absolutely forbidden: don't rub your eyes, even tiny foreign bodies will scratch the cornea and cause infection. If a foreign body enters the deep part of the eye, you must seek medical attention immediately.
Light alarm: if corrosive liquid spills into eyes, you must go to the hospital immediately for treatment; If the eyes are still uncomfortable after self-treatment, burning sensation, edema or blurred vision appear, you need to ask a doctor to treat them with professional instruments, and you must not act rashly.
Second, sprain.
When the ligaments around the joints are overstretched beyond their bearing capacity, sprains will occur, usually accompanied by bruising and edema.
First aid: within 24 hours of sprain, try to use ice packs for half an hour every other hour. Wrap the injured part with elastic pressure bandage and pad the injured part. After 24 hours, the affected area was replaced by hot compress to promote blood circulation in the injured area.
Absolutely forbidden: you can't move the injured joint at will, otherwise it will easily cause ligament tear and it is relatively difficult to recover.
Warning: If after several days of self-treatment and rest, the affected area is still painful and inconvenient to move, then it may be a fracture, muscle strain or ligament rupture, and you need to go to the hospital immediately.
Third, nosebleeds
Nosebleeds are caused by the rupture of blood vessels in the nasal cavity, and the blood vessels in the nose are very fragile, so nosebleeds are also common accidents.
First aid: lean forward slightly and hold the cartilage under the bridge of the nose with your fingers for about 5- 15 minutes.
If conditions permit, putting a small ice pack on the bridge of the nose can also stop bleeding quickly.
Absolutely forbidden: Forcibly raising your head backwards will cause nosebleeds to flow into your mouth, and some blood will be sucked into your lungs in a panic, which is neither safe nor hygienic.
Warning: If the nosebleed cannot be stopped for 20 minutes, the patient should go to the hospital for help immediately. If nosebleeds are too frequent without any reason, or accompanied by headache, tinnitus, decreased vision, dizziness and other symptoms, you must also go to the hospital for treatment, because your brain may have been shaken or hit hard.
Fourth, burns
Scalds are divided into three levels: first-degree burns can cause redness and tingling of the skin; After the second degree burn, you will see obvious blisters; Third-degree burns can lead to skin ulceration and blackening.
First aid: Once scalded, immediately wash the scalded part under running water or apply cold compress with a cold towel. If the burn area is large, the injured person should soak his whole body in a bathtub filled with cold water. Gauze or bandage can be loosely wrapped around the scald to protect the wound.
Absolutely forbidden: don't use ice to treat burns. Ice will damage the damaged skin and make the wound worse. Don't puncture the blister, or you will leave a scar. Don't casually apply antibiotic ointment or grease to the wound, these sticky substances are easy to get dirty.
Warning: Third degree burns, electric shock burns and chemical burns must go to the hospital. In addition, if the patient has cough, watery eyes or difficulty breathing, he needs the help of a professional doctor. If the second degree burn area is larger than the palm, the patient should also go to the hospital. Professional treatment can avoid leaving scars.
Five, suffocation
Real suffocation rarely happens in real life, and choking on drinking water or food is generally not suffocation. When suffocation occurs, the patient will not have a strong cough, can't talk or breathe, and his face will turn red or blue-purple in a short time.
First aid: First of all, call an ambulance. In the process of waiting for the ambulance, the following measures need to be taken: let the patient lean forward and pat the patient's back between his shoulders with his palm. If it doesn't work, you need to stand behind the patient, put your fist against the patient's abdomen and back, hold your fist with the other hand, and push it up and down five times to help the patient breathe. Patients can also take such self-help measures: put their abdomen against hard objects, such as kitchen countertops, and then squeeze their abdomen hard to make things stuck in their throats pop out.
Absolutely forbidden: don't feed water or other food to patients who are coughing.
Light the alarm: as long as there is suffocation, you need to call an ambulance to rescue the patient quickly.
Six, poisoning
Poisoning at home is generally due to eating cleaning products, carbon monoxide inhalation or pesticide intake.
First aid: If the patient is unconscious or has difficulty breathing, call an ambulance quickly and be prepared to answer the following questions: what substance is ingested or inhaled, how much, the patient's weight, age and poisoning time.
Absolutely forbidden: Calling an ambulance only after symptoms appear will often delay the treatment time. While waiting for help, don't give the patient anything to eat or drink, and don't try to help the patient induce vomiting, because some toxic substances may harm other organs of the patient during vomiting.
Early warning: As long as poisoning happens, you need to call an ambulance to rescue the patient quickly.
Seven, the head "attack"
The skull itself is very hard, so ordinary external forces rarely cause skull damage. If the external force is too strong, the fragile blood vessels in the neck, back and head will become "victims".
First aid: If you have a bag on your head, applying an ice pack to the affected area can reduce edema. If the head begins to bleed after being smashed, the treatment is the same as being cut, that is, use a clean towel to hold the wound to stop bleeding, and then go to the hospital to sew the wound and check whether there is internal injury. If the injured person faints, you need to call an ambulance and take it to the hospital without delay.
Absolutely forbidden: don't let the injured fall asleep alone. Within 24 hours of being smashed, someone must accompany the injured. If the injured person is asleep, wake the injured person every three hours and ask the injured person to answer a few simple questions to ensure that the injured person is not in a coma and has no intracranial injury, such as concussion.
Warning: When the injured person has convulsions, dizziness, vomiting, nausea or obvious abnormal behavior, he needs to be admitted to the hospital immediately.
Eight, injured.
1. If your eyes are injured, don't rub and rinse them. Drop an appropriate amount of anti-inflammatory eye drops at most and lie flat. Call 120 or send to a conditional hospital.
2. If your hands or feet are injured by firecrackers and bleed, you should quickly stick your hands on the bleeding area. If you have Yunnan Baiyao powder or notoginseng, you can sprinkle a little to stop the bleeding. If the bleeding is not limited to a large amount, apply a rubber band or coarse cloth to tie the upper part of the bleeding part, raise the affected limb and send it to the hospital for debridement. However, the bandage should be loosened every 15 minutes to avoid ischemic necrosis of the affected part.
Nine, finger cuts
1. If there is less bleeding and the injury is not serious, you can put a band-aid on the wound after cleaning. It is not recommended to apply mercuric chloride or hemostatic powder to the wound, as long as the wound is kept clean.
2, if the wound is big and bleeding, should stop bleeding first, and then immediately sent to the hospital. The specific hemostasis method is: wrap the wound with clean gauze, hold the two sides of the finger root and hold it high above the heart, because the blood vessels here are distributed on the left and right sides, this gesture can effectively stop bleeding. Rubber tourniquet will be more effective, but it should be noted that tourniquet must be relaxed for a few minutes every 20-30 minutes, otherwise it will easily lead to finger ischemia and necrosis.
Cerebral hemorrhage
First aid formula: turn your head sideways
Typical symptoms: People with a history of hypertension suddenly have slurred speech or even coma due to sudden drop in body temperature or emotional excitement.
1, family members should restrain their emotions, and don't shout or shake the unconscious person violently in order to wake up the patient, otherwise it will only worsen the condition rapidly.
2, patients lying in bed, due to the increase of brain pressure, such patients are prone to jet vomiting, if not cleared in time, may lead to cerebral hemorrhage coma, due to vomit blocking airway suffocation and death. Therefore, the patient's head must be turned to one side so that vomit can flow out of his mouth.
3. Family members can apply ice packs or cold towels on the forehead of patients to help stop bleeding and reduce brain pressure.
XI。 drink excessively
1, aiming at coma, ensure airway patency.
2. If the patient vomits, immediately keep him in a stable lateral position and let the vomit flow out.
3. Keep the patient warm, especially in wet and cold conditions.
4, check the breathing, pulse and reaction degree, use cardiopulmonary resuscitation immediately when necessary.
5, put the patient in a stable lateral position, closely monitor the condition, check and record the breathing, pulse and reaction degree every 65438 00 minutes.
Twelve. hemorrhagic shock
First aid formula: close observation to prevent blood loss.
Typical symptoms: blood pressure is zero due to accidental massive blood loss.
1, for shock patients, it must be noted that when the stretcher is carried to the rescue site, the patient's head should be close to the stretcher bearer behind, so as to closely observe the shock patient at any time to cope with the deterioration of the condition.
On the way to the hospital, the patient's head should face the direction opposite to the direction of the vehicle (ambulance, plane, etc.). ) carrying him, so as not to accelerate further blood loss in the patient's brain.
3. If the victim of shock is a pregnant woman in the big month, she should be placed in the lateral position, otherwise the fetus and the huge uterus will press the blood vessels, which will reduce the amount of blood flowing back to the heart and aggravate the shock.
Thirteen, Burns
1, local cooling of cold water 10 min.
2. Cover with a clean and moist dressing.
3. When the wound is swollen, remove the watch, bracelet, ring, etc. , gently fix and bandage the dressing, be careful not to be too tight.
Tie a bandage on the other side of the wound.
Fourteen, burn treatment
1. If the burned skin is still intact, it should be cooled locally as soon as possible. For example, put it under the tap and rinse it 10 minutes or so. This will take away local tissue heat and reduce further damage.
2. Wrap the wound with a soft, moist, preferably sterilized cushion. Be careful not to be too tight.
3. If the skin is burned, cover it with a clean cushion to protect the wound and reduce the risk of infection.
Fifteen, gastric perforation
First aid formula: lie on the left side.
Typical symptoms: patients with gastric ulcer suddenly have unbearable severe abdominal pain, and the abdomen is hard and swollen, that is, it is very likely that gastric perforation will suddenly occur.
During the Spring Festival, patients with gastric ulcer are prone to stomach perforation due to mood swings or overeating. Once the above symptoms appear, the possibility of gastric perforation should be considered immediately. Before the ambulance arrives, the following work should be done:
1, don't roll over your stomach, lie on the bed on the left. The reason is that most of the perforation sites are located on the right side of the stomach. Lying to the left side can effectively prevent gastric acid and food from further flowing to the abdominal cavity and aggravate the condition.
2. If the medical staff can't arrive in time, but there are some simple medical equipment at the scene, the patient can insert the gastric tube himself. Specific methods: insert the stomach tube into the nostril to the throat, breathe hard and swallow, and swallow the stomach tube into the stomach. Then use a syringe to pump out the contents of the stomach, which can reduce the degree of infection in the abdominal cavity and win the treatment time for patients. Please remember that the patient must also lie on his side at this time.
Sixteen, fishbone stuck in the throat
1, abdominal compression (chest compression if the patient is pregnant or obese). If the patient can't stand, put it flat on a solid plane, straddle the patient's leg, push the abdomen five times, and then check whether the foreign body coughs up.
3. If you dig a foreign object with your fingers, you can only dig it when you can see it. Don't dig blindly.
Seventeen, gas poisoning
In mild poisoning, the patient feels dizzy, weak, nausea, vomiting and pallor. Severe poisoning can lead to dyspnea, convulsions and coma. The first aid method is: immediately open the doors and windows, move the patient to the air circulation place, unbutton the patient's clothes, make him breathe smoothly, and keep warm to prevent pneumonia from catching cold. For mild poisoning, give him hot tea, take a deep breath, and quickly send him to the hospital for rescue.
Eighteen, wooden thorn
Pay attention to whether there are any wooden thorns left in the wound. Because the residue such as wood thorn may cause the wound to fester, the stab wound is often deep and narrow, which is more conducive to tetanus toxoid's invasion, reproduction and infection. Therefore, foreign bodies must be removed to eliminate hidden dangers.
After the finger is stuck in the wooden thorn, if the wooden thorn has been completely pulled out, you can gently squeeze the wound to squeeze out the congestion in the wound and reduce the chance of wound infection. Then disinfect the wound with iodine once, rub it with alcohol twice and wrap it with sterile gauze. If there is a wood thorn in the wound, after disinfection of the wound, you can try to pull it out completely with tweezers sterilized by burning or rubbing with alcohol. If the exposed part of the wooden thorn is too short to be clamped by tweezers, you can cut the wound skin with a sterilized needle, appropriately expand the wound to expose the wooden thorn as much as possible, then clamp the wooden thorn with tweezers and gently pull it out, and then disinfect the wound again and wrap it with clean gauze. In order to prevent wound inflammation, it is best to take 2 tablets of sulfamethoxazole every day for 3-5 days. If the wooden thorn goes into the nail, if you want to go to the hospital, the doctor will cut the nail into a V shape and then pull out the wooden thorn.
Remember! After deep wood stabbing, everyone should go to the hospital for tetanus antitoxin (TAT), just in case.
Nineteen, there is a foreign body in the eye.
Foreign bodies such as dust, coal dust, grain, and metal scraps made my eyes narrow. Suddenly, I couldn't open my eyes, shed tears, felt pain, was afraid of light, and felt foreign body sensation. I was very uncomfortable, so I quickly rubbed it with my hand and wanted to rub the foreign body out. In fact, this kind of practice is impossible. Because the foreign body in the eye may damage the fragile and sensitive cornea after kneading and squeezing, cause corneal ulcer and infection, and affect vision. Kneading and squeezing can also make eyes bloodshot and conjunctival edema. At the same time, there are many bacteria on your hands. Rubbing your eyes will bring bacteria into your eyes and cause inflammation.
Twenty, nail frustration
1, the most important thing is to prevent bacterial infection when nails are squeezed out. In case of emergency, the fingers squeezed out from the fingernails are first bound and fixed with gauze and bandages, and then cold-packed with cold bags. Then lift the injured limb and go to the hospital at once.
2, nail seam rupture bleeding, can use honey to half warm water, stir evenly, wipe a few times a day, you can gradually cure. If the person with broken nails is a player, if he needs to continue playing during the treatment, he must wrap the finger stump with rubber plaster for 2-3 layers of protection before playing, and take it out immediately after playing to avoid infection.
3. If there is bleeding under the nail bed due to trauma, and the blood does not flow out, so that the root of the nail bed bulges, the pain is unbearable, and you can't sleep. You can stick a small hole near the root of the nail with a red-hot sewing needle to discharge the accumulated blood and pressurize the nail after disinfection.
2 1. Cardiac arrest
Cardiac arrest refers to the sudden stop of the heart, the disappearance of aortic pulsation and heart sounds, and the severe ischemia and hypoxia of important organs such as the brain, which leads to the termination of life. This kind of unexpected sudden death is also called sudden death in medicine.
The most common cause of cardiac arrest is ventricular fibrillation. If the patient does not respond to the call and the supraorbital and infraorbital pressures do not respond, it can be determined that the patient is in a coma. Then pay attention to observe whether the patient's chest and abdomen have undulating breathing movements. If there is no pulse when touching the carotid artery and femoral artery, and there is no heartbeat sound in the precordial area, it can be judged that the disease has a cardiac arrest.
Twenty-two, first aid measures
The rescue of cardiac arrest must race against time. Don't wait for the ambulance to come before sending it to the hospital for treatment. We should take the following first aid measures and immediately carry out cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
1. Percussion in precordial area: Hold the patient's neck upward with one hand, and hold the patient's forehead with the other hand and push it back slightly, so that the mandible is tilted upward and the head is tilted backward, which is beneficial to ventilation. Use the fleshy part at the bottom of the fist, above the middle of the sternum, 20 ~ 30 cm away from the chest wall, and suddenly hit it quickly. If there is no response, do chest compressions immediately. Let the patient carry a hard board on his back and do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation at the same time. Observe the pupil of the patient. If the pupil shrinks (this is the most sensitive and meaningful vital sign) and the face and lips turn rosy, the rescue is effective.
2. Acupuncture at Renzhong point of palm or Laogong point and Yongquan point of foot plays a rescue role.
3, quickly remove the vomit in the pharynx, so as not to block the respiratory tract or into the lungs, causing suffocation and aspiration pneumonia.
4. Apply an ice pack to the head to cool down.
5, rushed to the hospital for treatment.
Twenty-three, alcoholism
Alcoholism is an abnormal state in which the central nervous system is excited first and then inhibited due to excessive intake of alcoholic beverages. Generally, it can heal itself, and a few serious cases can die of respiratory and circulatory failure.
Dying coma, frequent convulsions, shallow breathing, slow heart rate, weak heartbeat and decreased blood pressure. Breathing heartbeat is irregular, so that breathing heartbeat stops.
First aid measures:
For people with mild poisoning, stop him from drinking first; Secondly, you can find some pears, horseshoes, watermelons and other fruits to sober him up; You can also stimulate your throat (such as using chopsticks). ) cause vomiting reflex, spit out the stomach contents such as wine as soon as possible (this method is not suitable for patients who have fallen asleep), then arrange him to stay in bed, pay attention to keep warm, and pay attention to avoid vomiting blocking the respiratory tract; Observe breathing and pulse. If there is nothing special, you can recover yourself as soon as you wake up. If the patient still has rapid pulse, slow breathing, cold skin and irritability after bed rest, he should be sent to the hospital immediately for treatment.
Severe acute alcoholism can cause irritability, lethargy, dehydration, convulsion, shock, weak breathing and other symptoms, and should be sent to the hospital as soon as possible. Note: It is not advisable to sober up with coffee or strong tea.