Russian playwright. In his life, he provided nearly 50 plays for the Russian stage, created hundreds of characters and made great contributions to the development of Russian drama.
April 1823 was born in Moscow's Little alton Street (now renamed ostrovsky Street). My father is a judge. Engaged in business activities after retirement, most of the contacts at home are businessmen. 1840, Vi Dragunski entered Moscow University to study law, and graduated from 1843. From 1843 to 185 1, he worked as a clerk in the "court of conscience" and the commercial court. He began to write while working in the court. The fragment of the play Bankrupt published by 1847 has attracted the attention of literary circles. After the whole play was written, it was officially published in Moscow Magazine on 1850 with the title "It's easy to settle accounts with your own family", which was praised by the progressive literary world, but it was banned by the police department until 186 1. Since then, V. Dragunski has published one or several works almost every year.
Besides writing, V. Dragunski also translated many foreign plays, including works by Shakespeare, Gozzi, Gordoni, Cervantes Saavedra and M.de. He is also an active social activist. 1865 initiated the establishment of Moscow Actors Association. 1870 initiated the organization of the Russian Writers Association. With the efforts of him and Rubinstein, an actor training class was established in the same year, and a number of outstanding performing artists such as Satovski, Satovskaya and Maksejev were trained. At his initiative, he also founded the Model People's Theatre.
1886 65438+ 10, Vidra gonsky was appointed as the artistic general manager of Moscow royal theatre. However, he failed to comprehensively reform the theater system and improve the theater art, so that 14 died in Sherekovo (now Vi Dragunski district of Kostrom) in June.
create
V ronsky's creative era coincides with the development of Russian capitalism. His works reflect the social changes of this era. He himself once said that he followed the creative path of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol. He insisted on exposing the bad atmosphere of the society and described all the beings in the society at that time with satirical brushstrokes. Therefore, the rudeness and naivety of the budding merchant class, the hypocrisy, treachery and ruthlessness of the emerging bourgeoisie and the degenerated serf owners and landlords, the ignorance and degeneration of nobles and bureaucrats, and so on. , have become the characteristics of the characters in his plays. Early works, such as Duty (1852), Poverty is not a crime (1853) and Don't follow one's inclinations (1854), tend to beautify the Russian patriarchal clan system ideologically. Chernyshevski and Necrasov criticized these works. With the development of Russian revolutionary situation in 1950s and 1960s in 19, his creation entered a new stage. Since 1856, almost all the new works have been published in Modern People, edited by Klassov and Shedelin. The works of this period, including the famous Thunderstorm, have obvious tendency to expose society and hint at revolution, so they are besieged by reactionary forces. V. Dragunski had to temporarily put down the pressing social theme and write historical dramas. From 65438 to the end of 1960s, he faced the reality again, and there was a creative climax. From 1868 to the early 1980s, most of his works were published in Motherland magazine edited by Necrasov and Shedelin. A series of dramas, including the satirical comedy The Wise Sometimes Nod, mocked the new industrialists and Europeanized businessmen who had fallen from the remnants of serfdom. The later poetic drama Snow Girl (1873) expressed the author's ideal and exploration of the meaning of life. Several plays, such as The Unmarried Woman, describe the tragic fate of talented Russian women who were devastated in the hypocritical and selfish society at that time.
According to the nature of the content and the class to which the characters belong, all Vidra Gonsky's plays can be roughly divided into five categories.
Scripts describing the life of businessmen: family portrait (1847), easy to settle accounts with one's family (1850), non-egoism, not pretending to be an expert (1853), being poor and not committing crimes (1854), and others getting drunk (/kloc) Thunderstorm (6555 happiness is better (1877), final sacrifice (1878), heart is not a stone (1880) and so on. The most important point of these plays is that the authors depict businessmen with a negative attitude.
Poor bride stills
Dramas about people's lives: Don't follow your heart (1834), downtown (1865), etc. In these plays, the author describes some people who have changed from farmers to small businessmen and ordinary citizens. They maintain their folk customs and lifestyles. Some scripts are similar to folk literature, with the flavor of folk songs, and have been adapted into operas.
Dramas depicting the life of small officials: poor bride (1852), fat vacancy (1857), abyss (1866), poor people getting rich (1872) and rich bride (65437).
Plays that show the so-called "social bigwigs": accidents (185 1), female disciples (185 1), disharmony in personality (1858), and wise people sometimes nod (. These plays, Blood Rice (1874), Wolf and Sheep (1875), Unmarried Women (1879), Celebrities and Actors (1882) and Handsome Man (65433) exposed the ugly souls of aristocratic landlords and celebrities.
Stills of "A wise man sometimes nods"
Historical plays: Cozma Zaharovici MiniSukhoruk (1862), Demetrius and Vassili (1866), Tusino (1867), etc. V Dragunski wrote historical plays to escape from reality and resist persecution, but the theme was positive and patriotic.
In addition, there are Marriage by Berugen (1878), Men and Women (1880), Light Without Heat (188 1) and Delusion (/kloc-0).
Vidra Gonsky believes that "drama should be written for all people". Drama is closer to the people than all other literary works. The plays performed on the stage should be written with momentum, great drama, warm and sincere feelings and vivid and powerful characters. Among all Russian classical writers, his plays account for the vast majority of performances. D lonski believes that writing about people's lives and writing for the people will not reduce the value of drama literature at all. On the contrary, "it can increase its strength and make it good and degenerate;" Only works that are truly loved by the people can be immortal. Sooner or later, such works will always be understood and appreciated by other nations and eventually by the whole world. "
Every time V. Dragunski writes a play, he should make profound observation and careful thinking on what he describes and collect sufficient information. Before he wrote the script, he not only made a list of the characters in the play, but also made a list of who is suitable for what role. The characters he wrote, the language he used, all have living models. In the process of writing, actors are often changed to make them more suitable, so that specific actors can give full play to their artistic talents. Vidra Gonsky created a large number of various types of female images, which enabled the actresses to develop their own characteristics and achieve success, and enabled them to have their own plays, so many actresses especially loved this playwright.
V Dragansky's dramatic performance is extremely dramatic.
The verb (verb's abbreviation) Dragunski often writes dramatists of famous western European artists into his own plays, which makes it easier for Russian actors and audiences to accept. For example, write Abagong, the miser in Moliere's The Miser, into his The Poor Get Rich; It has achieved good results to write the seamstress's son in Dumas' illegitimate child as an innocent sinner. In the process of rehearsal, he often listens to the opinions of actors and modifies his own scripts. Katrina's monologue about her teenage life in Thunderstorm was written according to the self-report of Kosicka, the first actress who played Katrina.
comment
V lonski's creation has precious aesthetic value in Russian literature and drama. Important Russian critics and writers, such as Dobro Lyubov, Chernyshevski, Turgenev, ..., Necrasov, Goncharov, plekhanov, Luna Tsarski, ..., all spoke highly of V. Dragunski from different angles. Dobro Lyubov thinks that ostrovsky is a man familiar with Russian life, a genius painter of human psychology and a master of character description. He said that V Dragunski can grasp the essence of life and the pulse of the times. He called the Russian life described by V. Dragunski in many plays before Thunderstorm various dark kingdom. This issue of the article is called dark kingdom, which is an important document in Russian social and literary history. As soon as Thunderstorm appeared, Dobro Lyubov immediately wrote a new documentary paper A ray of light in dark kingdom. He believes that katerina, the heroine of Thunderstorm, bravely protested under the oppression of religious superstition, feudal forces and ignorant customs. She committed suicide by throwing herself into the river, which indicates that a kind and beautiful woman can't stand it at last under the increasingly mature situation of the Russian revolution. This is the first sign that the revolutionary wave is coming. Ostrovsky's plays have been widely performed on the Russian stage, producing a number of outstanding Russian actors. The Moscow Theatre was once famous for staging ostrovsky's plays. 1926 stanislavski, who directed Hot Heart, and 1924 Meierkholid, who directed Forest, all became major dramatic events. Until the 1980s, some famous plays by Vidra Gonsky were still reserved in Soviet theaters. V Dragunski's plays were first introduced to China in Thunderstorm. Thunderstorm translated by Geng Jizhi was published in 192 1, and 1937 was renamed Thunderstorm and performed in Shanghai. By the mid-1980s, more than 20 theaters, troupes and drama academies had performed the play in China. In addition to Thunderstorm, poverty is not a crime translated by Zheng Zhenduo and Crime and Sorrow translated by Ke Yicen were published in 1922. Crime and Sorrow was adapted by Qian Ying and Zhang Geng into Love and Hate, which was performed in Shanghai on 1936. The Unmarried Woman (translated by Bing) and The Wise Sometimes Nod (translated by Lin Ling) were published in Shanghai after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. The latter was performed by Beijing People's Art Theatre 1962, and some of Vidra Gonsky's plays were adapted into China's plays (such as Love on the Cliff, also known as Oil Salesman, adapted by Chen according to The Unmarried Woman) or put on the screen (such as Innocent Sinner adapted into the film Mother and Child), which was well received by the people of China.
Miser is one of Moliere's important masterpieces, also known as Miser, written in 1668. The plot borrows from Plautus's Golden Jar, an ancient Roman comedian, and writes that Abagong, a usurer, is so stingy and loves money. Abagong borrows money and his son borrows money; The poor girl my son fell in love with was Prince Charming of Abagong. The contradiction in the drama is sharp and prominent. Through vivid characters, dramatic plots and humorous and sarcastic language, it truly and profoundly exposes the bourgeois enthusiasm for accumulating wealth and the evil of money, as well as the indifferent relationship between people based on money. Abagong became synonymous with "miser" because of his true and profound image portrayal.