According to historical records, the "He Yi" tribe who lived in the south of Dadu River in the third century BC may be the ancestors of Hani people today. "He Yi" is a branch of the ancient Qiang people who moved southward. From the fourth century to the eighth century, some of them moved westward to the Lancang River area west of Yuanjiang. In the literature of the Tang Dynasty, the ancestors of the Hani nationality were called "harmonious people". After the establishment of Nanzhao and Dali regimes, 37 barbarian departments in the east, such as Guangui Situo Department, Xixidian Department, Banxi Anti-terrorism Department and Tierongdian Department, were all located in the Honghe area where Hani people live together today. After the Yuan Dynasty conquered the "Dali" regime, in order to strengthen the rule of the Hani people and people of all ethnic groups, the Yuanjiang Road Military and Civilian General Administration was established in Yunnan Province. In the Ming Dynasty, the chieftain system was implemented in Yunnan minority areas, and the tribal leaders of Hani nationality were awarded the title of local officials by the Ming Dynasty, and they were ruled by transferred officials. In the Qing Dynasty, Yunnan abolished some local officials in Hani areas, and the local official system was replaced by the local official system. However, the local officials of priests, Xixichu, Robbie and Zuoneng remain, and the local officials are still the rulers of these areas. The costumes of Hani people vary from place to place due to different branches, and generally like to make clothes with navy Hani homespun. Men wear double-breasted jackets and trousers and wrap their heads in black or white cloth. Women usually wear collarless shirts with right lapels, trousers or skirts of different lengths, embroidered colorful lace on lapels and sleeves, embroidered waists and various styles of silver ornaments on their chests.
Grant and women in this area wear short skirts and leggings; There is a string of silver ornaments hanging on the chest and a round hat with small silver bubbles. Women distinguish whether they are married or not in clothing and decoration, some are single and double braids, some are drooping braids and braids, some are the color of belts, and so on.
Hani nationality has its own language, belonging to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. It can be divided into three dialects: Ha (Ni) Xian (You), Bi (Yue) Ka (Duo), Hao (Ni) Bai (Hong) and some dialects. The Hani originally had no writing. In the 1950s, they created a set of pinyin characters for them, which are still being tried out.
Grant and Hani people live halfway up the mountain, build villages according to the mountain situation, live in buildings with bamboo and wood structures, and set aside.
The balcony is unique.
socioeconomics
For thousands of years, the Hani people have been trying to explore the frontier mountainous areas of the motherland. Open terraced fields to plant rice and dig sloping fields to plant tea forests. Nannuo Mountain, where Hani people live in Xishuangbanna, is an important producing area of Pu 'er tea, which is famous at home and abroad. Hani people grow hemp, cotton and indigo, and weave and dye themselves.
Before the founding of New China, due to various historical reasons, the social and economic development of Hani people was extremely unbalanced. The Hani people living in Mojiang, Xinping and Zhenyuan, which are close to the mainland, have entered the category of feudal landlord economy since Ming and Qing Dynasties because of the great influence of Han economy and culture. The development level of productive forces is roughly equal to that of the local Han nationality, and the relationship between land sale and tenancy has become very common. Hani people living in Xishuangbanna and Lancang River are ruled by feudal lords, and some places still retain a certain primitive mode of production of slash and burn. Hani people living in Honghe, Yuanyang, Lu Chun, Jinping, Jiangcheng and other counties on the south bank of Yuanjiang River are in the transitional stage from feudal Lord economy to landlord economy. There are still remnants of the toast system in these areas. Because of these exploitation systems, the Hani people have been oppressed and exploited for a long time, and their lives are very poor, especially the invasion of imperialism and the rule of the Kuomintang, which has plunged their lives into dire straits.
After the founding of New China, the Hani people realized regional ethnic autonomy under the leadership of the Chinese Production Party. Democratic reform began with 1952, and different methods were adopted according to the situation in different regions. Xishuangbanna has adopted the policy of developing production.
After more than 50 years of development and construction since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the economic and cultural undertakings of Hani and Hani areas have developed rapidly. Roads have been connected between remote villages, and the production of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and by-products in Hani areas has developed greatly, farmers' lives have improved significantly, and cultural and educational undertakings have developed greatly. There are schools in Gelan Township and Hani Township, where Hani people live in compact communities. More than 60% farmers in the township have junior high school diplomas, and the enrollment rate of junior high schools is 96.5%, and the enrollment rate of school-age children is 99.82%. Great progress has also been made in health care. With township hospitals and village clinics, people's health level has been greatly improved. On all fronts, ethnic cadres have gradually grown, and Hani cadres have taken the leading positions in party and government organs at the state, county and township levels, realizing the right of ethnic minority people to be masters of their own affairs.