Knowledge points in the first volume of ninth grade world history 1. Perikles Reform (P 14) 1, date: the second half of the 5th century BC. Reformer: Perikles III. Main contents: expanding civil rights; Encourage academic research, attach importance to education and develop literature and art; 4. Function: Make Athens prosperous, economically prosperous, culturally prosperous, and the democratic politics of slavery develop to the peak of the ancient world. Second, Japan's "Innovation" (September 24-25) 1, time: mid-7th century 2. Reformer: Emperor Kotoku III. Main contents: ① Politically, establish a centralized imperial state, and select officials on the basis of talents; ② Economically, nationalize many noble lands and turn some people into national citizens. The state regularly distributes land to farmers for farming and collects taxes from them. 4. Influence: It is the symbol of Japan's transition from slave society to feudal society. Three. Renaissance (P58-59-60) 1, time:14th century-17th century 2. The first rising country: Italy 3. Central trend of thought: humanism 4. Essence: emerging bourgeois culture 5. Early representative figures: the main national works of representative figures and their achievements Dante's Italian creation. Finch's famous Italian paintings such as Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, Shakespeare's English plays Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet, etc. 6. Function: It has promoted the prosperity of European cultural and ideological fields and laid an ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalist society. 4. Newly opened air routes (P6 1-62) 1, mainly due to the growing commodity economy in Europe; Western European countries' strong desire for oriental wealth; The Ottoman Empire's Control of East Asian Trade Routes. 2. Objective conditions: the application of compass; The theory of earth circle is deeply rooted in people's hearts; The development of navigation technology. 3. the process of the navigator Columbus' development? Gamma Magellan opened up a new route to discover the new continent of America, entered the Indian Ocean and sailed around the world in India. 4. Impact: The world began to become a whole; Promote the emergence and development of capitalism; It opened the way for European colonial expansion activities; It caused colonial disasters in countries and regions in Asia, Africa and Latin America. 5. What's the difference between Columbus and Zheng He's voyages to the West in China? (Prompt students to analyze and compare from the aspects of scale, purpose, nature and influence) The scale and purpose of navigators influenced Zheng He's ships with many people, enhanced national prestige, strengthened contacts and friendly exchanges, and promoted national friendship and economic and cultural exchanges. The ships with few people such as Columbus opened up markets and plundered wealth, and the world of colonial expansion began to become a whole; Promote the emergence and development of capitalism; Causing colonial disasters V. British bourgeois revolution (1640- 1688): (9) P67-68-69) 1. Root: The feudal autocracy of Stuart dynasty seriously hindered the development of British capitalism II. Cromwell: The representative figures of the bourgeoisie and new noble in the British bourgeois revolution. 1649, Britain became a republic, 1653 became "lord protector", and implemented a military dictatorship in favor of the bourgeoisie and the upstarts. Cromwell died in 1658. 3. 1688 palace coup: (P69) The bourgeoisie and new noble jointly launched a palace coup to overthrow the autocratic rule and establish a new king. It marked the end of the British bourgeois revolution. 4. Bill of Rights (P69)① Time: 1689 ② Purpose: Restrict kingship ③ Function: Provide legal protection for restricting kingship, so that kings cannot abuse their rights and do whatever they want. ④ Significance: It marks the establishment of the British constitutional monarchy bourgeois dictatorship. 5. The influence of the British bourgeois revolution (P69) overthrew the feudal monarchy and established the dominant position of the British bourgeoisie through the revolution, which was a major victory of the capitalist system over the feudal system in human history, cleared the way for the rapid development of British capitalism, opened the prelude to the bourgeois revolutionary movement and promoted the development process of world history. The intransitive verb the birth of America or the American War of Independence (1775-1783): (9) 72-76)1. Root: British colonial rule seriously hindered the development of capitalist economy in North America. 2. The gunfire in Lexington: 1775, marking the beginning of the North American War of Independence. 3. Washington: Born in a planter's family in Virginia, the American revolutionary war has always opposed the British colonial aggression. After the outbreak of the War of Independence, Washington was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and led the American people in an arduous struggle until victory. 1787 After the promulgation of the Constitution, Washington was elected as the first president of the United States and was re-elected for the second term. After retirement, he returned to his farm and died on 1799+02+04. 4. Declaration of Independence: 1776 On July 4, the Continental Congress declared the independence of British North America 13 colony, marking the birth of the United States. 5. Saratoga: 1777, the turning point of the American War of Independence. 6. 1787 Constitution: 1787 was formulated by the United States, which stipulates that the United States is a federal state and implements a presidential system. The president is both the head of state and the head of government, and enjoys executive power; Congress and the Supreme Court hold the legislative power and judicial power of the country respectively. Washington was elected as the first president. 7. Nature: It has the nature of bourgeois revolution and national liberation. 8. Significance: The American War of Independence ended British colonial rule, achieved national independence and established a relatively democratic bourgeois political system, which cleared the obstacles for the development of American capitalism and promoted the development of European and Latin American revolutions. Seven. The French Revolution and the Napoleon Empire (IX P78-8 1) 1. Root: The autocratic rule of feudal Bourbon dynasty seriously hindered the development of French capitalism. 2. The Declaration of Human Rights: Published by the Constituent Assembly. It advocates that people are born free, their rights are equal, and private property is inviolable, which embodies the idea of opposing absolute monarchy and feudal hierarchy. It attacked the feudal autocracy and feudal hierarchy in France and promoted the development of the revolution. 3. The influence of the French Revolution: ① The French Revolution destroyed the feudal rule of France; (2) spreading the progressive ideas of bourgeois freedom and democracy; ③ It has a great influence on the development of world history. 4. The First Empire of France: Napoleon was founded in 1804, also known as the Napoleon Empire. 5. Code: After the establishment of the First Empire of France, Napoleon promulgated codes (including civil code, commercial code and criminal code) in order to safeguard the interests of the bourgeoisie. 6. The Napoleonic Wars: ① Napoleon's early wars were aimed at repelling the interference of the European anti-French alliance, which had the nature of just national liberation; It was an unjust war of aggression to expand French territory and control many parts of Europe in the later period. (2) Napoleon brought the bourgeois democratic thought to all parts of France, attacked the feudal forces in Europe and consolidated the bourgeois rule, which was of positive significance. However, the Napoleonic Wars also harmed the interests of the people of the invaded countries and aroused the resistance of the local people. (3) Napoleon's failure shows that in the European continent at that time, the feudal forces were far greater than the bourgeois forces. Eight, the arrival of age of steam (P88-90) 1, Jenny Machine: 65438+In the 1960s, the weaver Hargreaves invented a hand-cranked spinning machine called Jenny Machine. The invention of Jenny machine marked the beginning of the British industrial revolution. 2. Watt and Steam Engine: After 1785, Watt's improved steam engine was put into use in the textile field for the first time. The appearance of the improved steam engine marks that mankind has entered the "age of steam". 3. Steamboat: Made by Fulton, an American. 4. The birth of the train: British engineer Sun invented the train locomotive. 1825, the locomotive named Voyager was successfully tested in Britain. 5. Completion time of industrial revolution:1the first half of the 9th century. 6. The influence of the industrial revolution: The industrial revolution has created enormous productive forces and brought about great changes in the social outlook. After the industrial revolution, capitalism finally defeated feudalism, and the western capitalist countries that took the lead in completing the industrial revolution gradually established their rule over the world, and the world formed a situation in which the west was advanced and the east was backward. Nine, the birth of Marxism (nine P107-108)1,the three components of Marxism Marxist theory includes three components: Marxist philosophy, political economy and scientific socialism. 2. The Declaration of * * * ① Time: 1848 ② Drafter: Marx and Engels (program drafted for the Communist Youth League) ③ Role: The publication of the Declaration of * * * marked the birth of Marxism. Since then, under the guidance of scientific theory, the international workers' movement has entered a new historical period. X. American Civil War or American Civil War (1861-kloc-0/865) (ix on p11-165438)1. Root cause: North and South. 2. Lincoln: Lincoln's main activities in his life were leading the Civil War, promulgating the Emancipation Proclamation and the Homestead Act, liberating slaves and devoting himself to the abolition of slavery. Lincoln made great contributions to safeguarding national unity and liberating black slaves, and laid the foundation for American economic development. He is a famous president in American history. 3. The Emancipation Proclamation was promulgated in 1862. It was stipulated that from New Year's Day of 1863, slavery in rebel states was abolished and slaves were allowed to join the Union Army as free men. The publication of the declaration caused great repercussions throughout the country. The majority of blacks celebrated liberation and enthusiastically signed up for the army, so the northern army gained a strong source of soldiers. 4. Nature: the second bourgeois revolution. 5. Impact: After this war, the United States abolished slavery and cleared another big obstacle to the development of capitalism. This has created conditions for the rapid economic development in the future. Xi。 Russia abolished the reform of serfdom (IX P/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/7-/KOOC-0/8)/KOOC-0/,time:/KOOC-0/86/KOOC-0/year 2. Tsar: Alexander II III. Nature: bourgeois nature practiced by the tsar from top to bottom. 4. Impact: ① Abolishing serfdom is beneficial to the development of capitalism. Although the reform left a lot of feudal remnants, it accelerated the development of Russian capitalism. This is a major turning point in modern Russian history. Twelve. Meiji Restoration in Japan (IX P118-120)1. Content: ① Politics: "Abandoning vassals and establishing counties" and strengthening centralization. (2) Economically, land sales are allowed, western technology is introduced, and the development of modern industry is encouraged. ③ Social life: advocating "civilization", that is, learning from Europe and America and striving to develop education. 2. Nature: bourgeois reform 3. Significance: ① To gradually transform Japan from a closed feudal country into a capitalist country; Getting rid of the fate of semi-colonial countries is a major turning point in Japanese history. After Japan became powerful, it embarked on the militaristic road of foreign aggression and expansion. Thirteen. Mankind has entered the "electrical age" (P124-127)1. The arrival of the "electrical age":1In the 1970s, human history entered the "electrical age". 2. "King of Invention" Edison: 1879 Successfully developed a durable carbon filament light bulb. "Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% sweat." 3. Car: Karl? Ben Ci successfully trial-produced cars in 1885, and was called "the father of cars". The extensive use of automobiles has enhanced people's production capacity, changed people's lifestyle, expanded people's activities and strengthened interpersonal communication. 4. Aircraft: 1903 12 The Wright brothers in the United States built an airplane and successfully tested it. Fourteen Two major military aggression groups (P/KOOC-0/3/KOOC-0/-/KOOC-0/34)/KOOC-0/. Formation time: the end of 20th century 19. 2. Causes: the development among imperialist countries is unbalanced. 3. "triple alliance" consists of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. 4. The "Three Kingdoms Agreement" consists of Britain, France and Russia. 5. Consequence: The two major military groups are frantically expanding to prepare for war, and a world war is imminent. Fifteen. World War I (1914-1918)1. Root cause: unbalanced development among imperialist countries. The Nature of War: Predatory Wars in Imperialist Countries III. Fuse: 19 14. 5. The influence of the war: ① The scale of World War I was unprecedented. The battlefield expanded from Europe to Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and more than 30 countries were involved in the war. This imperialist war has brought great suffering to people all over the world. More than 20,000 people were killed or injured in the participating countries, of which more than10 million died due to war, hunger and disease. XVI. Enlightenment thinker Voltaire (9 P 138) 1, 65438+France in the 8th century 2. Advocacy: Oppose feudal autocracy, advocate enlightened monarchy, and emphasize bourgeois freedom and equality. Seventeen. The influence of the Enlightenment (P 139) promoted people's ideological emancipation, provided strong support for the emerging bourgeoisie to replace the feudal aristocracy politically, and promoted social progress in Europe. Many works of enlightenment thinkers were introduced to China, Japan and other Asian countries, which promoted the ideological emancipation of these countries. 18. Newton's theoretical system of mechanics (IX on P 139) 1. Newton, a British scientist, is one of the founders of modern natural science. 2. Newton's main contribution to astronomy is that he discovered the law of universal gravitation in the second half of17th century; 3. The main contribution in mathematics is the creation of calculus; 4. In mechanics, Newton established a complete theoretical system of mechanics. Among them, the three laws of mechanics, also known as Newton's three laws, have the greatest influence on the development of modern natural science. Nineteen. Darwin and evolution (IX on P 140) 1. British scientist Darwin II. Works: Origin of Species III. Thought: He put forward the viewpoint of "evolution". It is pointed out that nature develops according to the principle of "natural selection, survival of the fittest, survival of the fittest". 4. Function: The publication of this book bases biology on complete science for the first time, and overturns creationism and species invariance. The publication of the Origin of Species dealt a heavy blow to the theocratic foundation of Europe and even the whole world. Twenty, Einstein and the Theory of Relativity (IX P 140) 1, a German-born scientist, was one of the great scientists in the 20th century. 2. The most important contribution in one's life: the theory of relativity put forward in the early 20th century. 3. Function: The establishment of the theory of relativity promoted the revolution of the whole physics theory, provided a theoretical basis for the invention of the atomic bomb and the application of atomic energy, and opened the door to the atomic age. .