(1) sprouted in the Warring States period.

Content: ① Theoretically, during the Warring States Period, Han Feizi proposed to establish a feudal autocratic centralized monarchy. (2) Practically, during the Warring States Period, Shang Yang, the State of Qin, reformed the system of enfeoffment, implemented the system of counties and counties, and implemented centralization.

(2) Established in the Qin Dynasty

Content: Establish emperor system, three public officials and nine ministers system, county system, and promulgate Qin law. Unified measurement, money and words. Burn books to bury Confucianism and strengthen ideological control. Take law as teaching and officials as teachers.

Features: organically combine autocratic decision-making with centralized political system.

(3) Consolidation in the Western Han Dynasty

Content: Implementing the system of ministers and provinces, and promulgating "favor decree" and "supplementary benefit decree" to solve the kingdom problem. Implement "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".

Features: the direct rule of the central government over local governments has been strengthened again; Turn Confucianism into a guiding ideology to meet the needs of feudal autocracy and centralization.

(4) Perfection in Sui and Tang Dynasties

Content: The implementation of "three provinces and six departments" made feudal bureaucrats form a complete and strict system, weakened relative power and strengthened imperial power. The establishment and perfection of the imperial examination system expanded the source of officials. We have adjusted and improved the government soldier system.

Features: ① strengthening the monarchy through decentralization; ② The selection of officials is standardized and institutionalized.

(5) Strengthening of the Northern Song Dynasty

Content: Centralized military power-remove the military power of North Korean generals and local military envoys, and set up three officials to command the imperial army and contain it with the Privy Council. Centralized administration-setting up advisers, Tang envoys and third secretaries to divide the political, military and financial power of the prime minister; Send a civilian as a magistrate and check with the judge. Centralized financial power-set up transshipment ambassadors in various ways to manage local finances. Centralized judicial power-the central government sends civil servants as local judicial personnel. Through the above measures, the emperor mastered the military, political, financial and judicial power from the central government to the local government, and eradicated the foundation of feudal separatism.

Features: strong and weak; On the basis of central decentralization, local decentralization.

(6) Developed in Yuan Dynasty

Content: in the central government, the central official system has been improved, and the Chinese book province, the Privy Council and the Yushitai have been set up to take charge of administrative, military and supervisory affairs; Zheng Xuan Institute was established to take charge of religious affairs and manage Tibet. At the local level, the provincial system is implemented.

Features: the local administrative system has made great progress; The central government has established a direct management system for border areas.

(7) Strengthening in Ming and Qing Dynasties

Content: The Prime Minister was abolished in the early Ming Dynasty, and his power was divided into six parts. The local government implemented the separation of powers among the three departments, changed the commander-in-chief to the commander-in-chief of the five armies, separated the military power from the military power, formulated the Daming Law, and set up factories and health secret services. Implement stereotyped writing to take scholars. The Qing dynasty followed the Ming system, added the Ministry of War, promoted the literary inquisition, and strengthened the autocratic centralization.

Features: The centralization of absolutism has reached its peak.

(8) End at 19 12.

The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and ended the feudal autocratic monarchy system in China for more than two thousand years.

2. Central administrative system

(1) Three Publics and Nine Ministers System: It is the central administrative system in the autocratic centralization founded by Qin Shihuang. It is composed of prime minister, imperial censor and Qiu, in which the prime minister system lasted for more than a thousand years, imperial censor was in charge of supervision affairs and Qiu was in charge of military affairs.

(2) Three provinces and six departments system: The three provinces and six departments system is a new central administrative system established by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty after integrating the official system since the Han and Wei Dynasties. The three provinces are Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province, which are the highest government agencies in the central government. Zhongshu Province is responsible for drafting and issuing imperial edicts; The province under the door is responsible for reviewing government decrees; Shangshu province is responsible for implementing important state laws and regulations, and the governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers. The six departments of official, household, ceremony, soldier, punishment and industry are subordinate institutions of Shangshu Province. The three provinces and six departments have both division of labor and cooperation, mutual supervision and mutual restraint, which makes the feudal bureaucracy form a strict and complete system, effectively improves administrative efficiency and strengthens the ruling power of the central government. Power is divided into three weakened powers and strengthened imperial power. On this basis, the official system of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties changed slightly, but the actual situation changed little.

★ Reform of the ancient prime minister system: Qin set up a system of three posts and nine ministers in the central government, headed by the prime minister, to assist the emperor in handling political affairs; Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty reformed the official system, implemented the system of internal and external dynasties, and weakened the relative rights; Guangwudi of the Eastern Han Dynasty expanded the power of Shangshutai; The Sui and Tang Dynasties set up a system of three provinces and six departments, which divided the relative rights into three parts and contained each other, reflecting the strengthening of imperial power; In the Northern Song Dynasty, the governor who participated in politics was added as the deputy minister under the prime minister, and the executive power of the prime minister was divided, the military power was divided by the Tang envoys, and the financial power was divided by the three divisions, so that the authority of the prime minister was divided into three, which was convenient for the emperor to monopolize the power. In the Yuan Dynasty, the central secretariat province was set up, with the prime ministers around as the highest administrative organs, and the Tang Dynasty envoys, Yushitai and Xuanzheng Yuan were set up to take charge of military affairs, supervision, religion and other affairs. The Ming dynasty abolished the prime minister and divided power into six parts; Yongle set up a cabinet and implemented a "draft"; The Qing Dynasty established the Ministry of War, and the remnants of the prime minister system disappeared, reflecting that imperial power had reached its peak. It can be seen from the changes that the emperor divided and weakened the relative power and concentrated all kinds of power in his own hands step by step, thus effectively implementing the absolute monarchy.

3. Local administrative system

(1) enfeoffment system (purpose, object, content and function): In order to consolidate the slave-owner regime, the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the vassal enfeoffment system politically, which consolidated the rule of the Zhou Dynasty and expanded their territory. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it gradually disintegrated and was replaced by the county system, which still existed in some subsequent dynasties.

(2) County system: It appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the Qin Dynasty carried it out throughout the country, thus replacing the enfeoffment system nationwide, greatly weakening the independence of local political power and strengthening centralization. This is an epoch-making reform of the local administrative system in China. The county system has been used for a long time in China and has far-reaching influence.

(3) County-county parallel system: County-county system was implemented in the early Western Han Dynasty, and feudalism existed at the same time. Parallel counties and countries are not conducive to the unified management of the country and are in danger of division.

(4) The partition of Han and Fan: There are many nationalities living in Liao, and there are great differences between Han and Qidan in the level of economic and cultural development and people's lifestyle. Therefore, the political system of "separate rule of Han and vassal", that is, "governing Qidan with state control and governing Han with Han control", is characterized by ethnic division, its essence is class rule rather than ethnic oppression, and its role is to promote the development of Qidan.

(5) Meng 'an system: After the establishment of the Jin State, in order to strengthen the ruling power, Yan Hong Akuta promoted Meng 'an system, which is a system that integrates military and agriculture. Meng 'an Mok was not only a military organization, but also a local administrative organization, which promoted the feudal process of the Jurchen nationality.

(6) Provincial system: Yuan Dynasty was a feudal country with unprecedented territory at that time. In order to exercise effective jurisdiction and rule over all localities, the Yuan government established a provincial system. Its establishment consolidated national unity and ensured the centralization of the system, which was a major change in the history of China's political system after the county system in the Qin Dynasty. The provincial system in Yuan Dynasty had a far-reaching influence on the political system of later generations. Since then, the provinces have been made into the local administrative organs of China, which have been in use since the Ming and Qing Dynasties and have been preserved to this day.

(7) Monk official system: The monk official system was implemented in Tibet in the Ming Dynasty. Because Tibetans believe in Tibetan Buddhism, the Ming government used religion to rule Tibetans, but stipulated that monks at all levels should be appointed and removed by the court, thus strengthening the jurisdiction over Tibet.

(8) Eight Banners System: The Eight Banners System was established by Nuerhachi, the leader of Jurchen in the late Ming Dynasty. The Eight Banners system organized Nuzhen in the form of military organization, which was controlled by nobles. It has three functions: military conquest, administration and production organization. It is a social organization in integration of defense and civilian technologies. It is not only a military organization, but also an administrative system, which promotes the development of Jurchen society. The Eight Banners Army played an important role in the process of unifying China in Qing Dynasty. However, with the invasion of western capitalism and the corruption of the Eight Banners Army itself, its combat effectiveness gradually declined. The rising Xiang Army and Huai Army had a great influence on the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, especially the large-scale training of the "new army" in the Qing Dynasty, and the Eight Banners Army naturally died out.

(9) Tusi system: The Ming Dynasty followed the rule of the Yuan Dynasty in the southwest minority areas and implemented the Tusi system. These chieftain officials, who are held by local ethnic minorities, have autonomy, inheritance and great power in the administration within their jurisdiction, and have gradually evolved into a separatist force.

(10) "Changing land into stream": Formation and development: During Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, the Tusi yamen was abolished in southwest minority areas, and the government sent stream officials to rule directly; After the Qing Dynasty put down the San Francisco Rebellion, Yong Zhengdi carried it out on a large scale. Returning to one's homeland is a major reform in China's political development. It not only strengthens the central government's rule over ethnic minorities in southwest China, but also changes the backward, isolated and disputed situation in the local area, promotes economic and cultural exchanges among ethnic groups, and is conducive to the consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country.

Understanding: ① Through a series of administrative divisions and changes, feudal rulers in past dynasties strengthened their control over the people, centralized local power in the central government, and made multi-ethnic countries develop continuously. ② The change from enfeoffment system to county system mainly reflects the change of management appointment principle from patriarchal clan system to administrative appointment relationship, which is the performance of political system progress. The change from county system to provincial system mainly reflects the change of administrative divisions. Generally speaking, with the development of society, administrative divisions are getting smaller and smaller, and there are more and more divisions. (3) The evolution of local official system: Qin reformed to set up counties, and after reunification, the county system was implemented, and the county magistrate was in charge of military and political power; At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the state secretariat became the highest local official; Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty set up an envoy to take charge of administration, finance and military power, which evolved into a separatist regime in the buffer region. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the power of our envoy was reduced, and civil servants were appointed to know the state, and the General Staff Trial was set up, and the local financial power and judicial power were concentrated (transfer envoys were set up, etc.). ); Yuan set up a book province in the bank; Ming implemented the three-part power, inherited the propaganda department and the foreign affairs department, sentenced the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Justice to restrain each other, and began to change the soil to the flow; In the Qing dynasty, governors, governors, generals and ministers were set up in various provinces and regions to manage them, and large-scale reforms were carried out.