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Chapter I Territory and population of China.

1. 1 the territory of China

Great Motherland: People's Republic of China (PRC) is located in the east of Asia and on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. ? Including land and sea.

Vast territory: land rights: ① vast territory ② land boundary ③ land neighbors 14.

Maritime power: ① vast sea area; ② Long coastline; ③ Six countries facing each other across the sea.

Northernmost: Mohe 54 degrees north latitude; Eastmost: East longitude 135 degrees at the intersection of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River. Southmost point: Zengmu shoal is at 4 degrees north latitude. West: Pamirs 73 degrees east longitude.

China has a vast territory, with a total land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, which is almost equivalent to the whole area of Europe. It ranks third among countries in the world and is a country with a large area in the world.

China is an important maritime power in the world, with a coastline of over18,000 kilometers, which is one of the longest countries in the world. There are more than 6,500 islands with a sea area of over 500 square meters in China. The width of China's territorial sea is 22.22km (12 nautical mile). The sea area under the jurisdiction of China is about 3 million square kilometers.

There are many neighboring countries: China has a long land border, reaching 20,000 square kilometers, and there are 14 neighboring countries (Mandarin): eastern Korea, northern Mongolia, northeastern and northwestern Russia; Hajita Aba in the west; Danny in southwestern India; There are Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in the south. There are six countries across the sea: Indonesia, Malaysia, Wen Fei, Japan and South Korea.

1.2 chinese administrative division

Historical administrative divisions: current administrative divisions: China's current administrative divisions are basically divided into three levels: provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), counties (autonomous counties and county-level cities) and towns (townships). There are 34 provincial administrative units in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and two special administrative regions, namely Hongkong and Macao.

Taiwan Province Province is an inalienable and sacred territory of our country.

Names, abbreviations and administrative center textbooks of 34 provincial administrative units: Page 8 of the first volume of Grade 8.

2.3 Population of China

The first in the world: the fifth census: the total population of China is 6543.8+295 million. The current population is 654.38+0.3 billion.

Rapid growth: uneven distribution: Tengchong Mohe, China population density.

Characteristics of multi-group and minority groups

The eastern region has a large population;

Coastal, river and lake areas have a large population;

The plains and basins have a large population;

Areas with developed economy and transportation have a large population;

Areas with dense towns and developed industries have a large population;

The Han area has a large population. The western region has a small population;

The arid desert area has a small population;

The population in mountainous areas and plateaus is small;

Remote farming and pastoral areas have a small population;

Most ethnic minority areas have a small population.

China's population policy: it is a long-term basic national policy to implement family planning, control population and improve population quality.

1.4 population of China:

56 Ethnic Groups: China is a unified multi-ethnic family with 56 ethnic groups including Han, Zhuang, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uygur and Miao. The Han nationality has a large population, which is close to 92% of the total population in China. Other ethnic groups account for only 8% of the population and are called ethnic minorities.

Large mixed communities and small settlements: Han nationality is the most widely distributed, mainly concentrated in the east and middle. Ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast. There are ethnic minorities living in Han areas, and there are also Han people living in ethnic minority areas.

Ethnic customs: Mongolian Nadam Congress; Yunnan Dai Water-splashing Festival; Dragon Boat Festival in China.

Chapter II Natural Environment of China

2. 1 Topography of China

The terrain is high in the west and low in the east: it is stepped. The mountains are staggered; Mountain situation:

East-west trend: Tianshan, Yinshan, Kunlun, Qinling and Nanling; North-south trend: Helan Mountain, Liupan Mountain and Hengduan Mountain. Northeast and Southwest: Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain, Xuefeng Mountain, Changbai Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain, Taiwan Province Mountain and Yushan Mountain. Northwest and southeast strike: Altai Mountain and Qilian Mountain; Arc strike: Himalayas.

Five Mountains in China: Mount Tai and Dongyue; Xiyue Huashan; Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue; Mount Hengshan in Beiyue; Zhongyueshan

The terrain is complex and diverse: China's terrain is high in the west and low in the east, showing a stepped distribution. The criss-crossing mountains and complex and diverse terrain provide us with rich and colorful natural landscapes, and the production activities and lifestyles in different parts of the motherland are different. Four plateaus: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: the highest plateau in the world, known as the "roof of the world". The mountains are covered with snow all year round, and glaciers crisscross. Inner Mongolia Plateau: The plateau is flat and open, and there are many deserts, Gobi and fertile grasslands in the east and middle of the northwest. Loess Plateau: Loess is the most widely distributed area in the world.

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Most of the plateau is rugged and limestone is widely distributed.

Great basin: Tarim Basin: the largest inland basin in China. Among them is the Taklimakan Desert, the largest desert in China. Junggar Basin: China's second great basin. Qaidam Basin: Known as the "cornucopia".

Sichuan Basin: It is called "Purple Basin". The famous Chengdu Plain is located in the west of the basin, with developed agriculture and rich products, and is known as the "land of abundance".

Three plains: Northeast Plain: Black soil covers a vast area. North China Plain: The terrain is low and flat, and the ground slope is very small.

The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: China's famous "land of plenty".

2.2 Climate in China

The climate is complex and diverse: the climate is complex and diverse: in winter, the temperature difference between north and south is large, the south is warm, and the farther north, the lower the temperature. In summer, the temperature in the north and south is generally high. The climate types in China are divided into temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and plateau alpine climate.

Remarkable monsoon climate: Although there are various types of climate in China, the monsoon climate is remarkable, with the widest monsoon climate area.

The influence of monsoon is the main reason for the uneven distribution of precipitation in time and space. Mainland characteristics.

Many special weather: mainly cold wave, plum rain, typhoon, sandstorm and so on. Many droughts and floods. Flood is a natural disaster with frequent occurrence and serious losses in China. Drought is a kind of climate disaster which has the greatest influence, the most common and the widest distribution on agricultural production in China.

2.3 Rivers in China

The outflow area is the main area: the basin refers to the area where rivers or water systems are concentrated. Water system refers to the water flow system composed of all rivers, lakes, swamps and underground rivers in the basin. Rivers where surface and underground runoff finally flow into the ocean are called outflow rivers. The distribution area of outflow river becomes outflow area. Rivers that eventually do not flow into the ocean, that is, rivers that flow into inland lakes or disappear into the desert, are called inland rivers. The area where inland rivers are distributed is called the internal flow area.

The hydrological characteristics of the outflow rivers in China are deeply influenced by the monsoon climate. With the Qinling Mountains? The Huaihe River is the boundary, and the rivers in the south area flow through the humid area, which is rich in water. Northern rivers flow through semi-humid or semi-arid areas.

Compared with the outflow river, the hydrological characteristics of inland rivers in China are obviously different. The largest freshwater lake in China is Poyang Lake. Rolling Yangtze River: The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula, its main stream flows through Qinghai-Tibet and other provinces 1 1 and finally flows into the East China Sea, with a total length of 6,300 kilometers, making it the longest river in China and the third longest river in the world. Upstream: source Yichang; Middle reaches: Hukou, Yichang, Jiangxi; Downstream: estuary of Jiangxi Lake. The middle reaches are called "nine-curved ileum".

Yellow River: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and one of the world famous rivers. Originated in Bayan Kara, it flows into 9 provinces and regions such as Qinghai and Sichuan, and flows into Bohai Sea, with a total length of 5,464 kilometers.

Chapter III Natural Resources in China

3. 1 Overview of natural resources

What are natural resources? Natural resources are substances and energy that exist in nature and can provide welfare for human beings.

It mainly includes climate resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources, mineral resources and marine resources.

Characteristics of natural resources: The concept of natural resources is not immutable. In nature, the amount of natural resources is huge, but it is limited. The quality of natural resources varies from region to region. China's natural resources are second only to the United States and Russia. Restricted by some reasons, the distribution of natural resources has certain regularity, but its regional distribution is generally uniform. The situation of natural resources is constantly changing.

3.2 Land Resources in China * World Land Day on June 25th * Land is the stage for human life and production activities.

"More people and less land" is the basic national condition of our country. Complete types: China's land resources are complete, forming a variety of land types such as cultivated land, woodland and grassland, which is conducive to adapting to local conditions. China's vast grassland area ranks among the top in the world, which provides better resource conditions for the development of animal husbandry. China is a Shaolin country. The cultivated land area in China is less than 1 100 million hectares. Land types in China: cultivated land, desert, woodland, grassland, Gobi, alpine desert and rocky mountain. The regional differences are obvious: the spatial distribution of land resources in China is unbalanced, and the regional differences of land productivity are obvious. The natural forests in China are mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of northeast, southwest and southeast, mostly artificial forests and secondary forests. The grasslands in China are mainly distributed in eastern Inner Mongolia and the eastern and southern parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The quality of land resources in different regions of China varies greatly. There is plenty of sunshine and heat in the northwest inland, but it is dry and rainy, and the water is insufficient, mainly grasslands and deserts. Cherish every inch of land:

3.3 Water Resources in China * * * World Water Day on March 22nd * * *

Disparity in regional distribution: the total amount of water resources in China is quite large, but the per capita possession is very low, which is about 1/4 of the world's per capita water. Uneven time distribution: the time distribution of water resources in China is characterized by more summer and autumn, less winter and spring, and the actual change is great. Rational use of every drop of water: due to the uneven distribution of water resources in China, we must see the inter-basin water transfer project to make rational use of water resources. * * * Diversion from Yellow River to Qinghai * * * South-to-North Water Transfer Project * * *

3.4 China's marine resources

Diversity of biological resources: China is rich in marine biological resources, with more than 20,000 species, including more than 3,000 species of fish and more than 70 species of main economic fish. Pseudosciaena crocea, Pseudosciaena crocea, hairtail and squid are the four famous seafood in China.

Rich mineral resources: China's coastal continental shelf is rich in oil and natural gas. China coastal placer reserves are very rich. Huge chemical resources: China's marine production is developing rapidly. Protecting the "blue land": China has made great achievements in the development and utilization of marine resources, but it also faces some serious problems.

Chapter IV Regional Differences in China

4. 1 Qinling Huaihe line

Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains: The Qinling Mountains span the central part of China, stretching for 500 kilometers from east to west, with a width of 100- 150 kilometers from north to south and an altitude of 1500-2500 meters. The Huaihe River originates from Tongbai Mountain, flows eastward through Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and other provinces into Hongze Lake, and then flows into the Yangtze River through Gaoyou Hunan.

Geographical significance of Huaihe River Line in Qinling Mountains: In the process of learning geography, geographical areas and geographical boundaries are very important. Geographical regions reflect the geographical similarity within regions, and geographical boundaries reflect the differences between regions.

Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River are important geographical boundaries in eastern China. On its north and south sides, there are significant differences in natural environment, geographical landscape and residents' production and living habits.

The first volume of the eighth grade, page 77, Qinling Mountains? Qinling mountains north of Huaihe line? South of Huaihe River

Four geographical regions: northern region, southern region, Qinghai-Tibet region and northwest region. The dividing line between north and south is Qinling and Huaihe River. The dividing line between the north and the northwest is the annual precipitation line of 400 mm. The boundary between Qinghai-Tibet and Northwest China is the boundary of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The boundary between the Qinghai-Tibet region and the southern region is the boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

4.2 Northern and Southern Regions

Northern area: Overview: The northern area refers to the area north of the Huaihe River in the Qinling Mountains in northeast China, accounting for about 20% of the country's total area and 40% of the country's population. Northeast Plain, North China Plain and Wei Fen Plain are important agricultural areas in China. Culture: The northern region has a long history and culture, many scenic spots and historical sites, and rich cultural tourism resources.

Crops: spring wheat, corn, sorghum, soybean, potato, beet, etc. Temperate fruits: apples, pears, peaches, apricots, persimmons, dates, grapes, etc. Minerals: coal, iron, oil, etc.

Southern region: refers to the region south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains and east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, including the plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The southern coastal area and the southwest area are three unusual areas. The area accounts for about 1/4 of the whole country, and the population accounts for about 55% of the whole country. There are more than 30 ethnic minorities in the west of this area, and Yunnan Province is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in China. Topography: The terrain in this area is high in the west and low in the east, with plains, basins, plateaus and hills interlaced. There are many rivers and lakes in the plain area, and the water network is vertical and horizontal, which has typical characteristics of southern water towns. Crops: rice, pigs, oranges, tea, silkworms, sugar cane, aquatic products and tropical crops. Minerals: copper mine, tungsten mine, mercury mine, tin mine, antimony mine, lead-zinc mine.

4.3 Qinghai-Tibet and Northwest China

Qinghai-Tibet Region: Overview: Qinghai-Tibet Region mainly includes Xizang Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and western Sichuan Province, accounting for about 25% of the country's total area, and its population only accounts for about 1% of the country's total. The main body of the Qinghai-Tibet region is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is called the "roof of the world". Crops: highland barley, peas, wheat, rape. Religion: Tibetan Buddhism. Terrain: Mountains crisscross, glaciers are widely distributed, and transportation is very difficult. Highway: Sichuan-Tibet, Qinghai-Tibet, Xinjiang-Tibet, Yunnan-Tibet and China-Nepal.

Northwest China: Located on the Great Wall? Qilian Mountain? Altun Mountain? To the north of the Kunlun Line, the area accounts for about 30% of the whole country, and the population accounts for about 4% of the whole country. Ethnic minorities: Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Kazak, etc. Crops in pastoral areas: meat, milk, skin, wool, etc. Mineral resources: rare earth ore, nickel ore, coal, oil and lignite.

***4.5 Supplementary Summary * * *

region

upstate

Southern region

Tibetan-inhabited area

northwest area

Topographic elements

Plateau and plain are the main areas.

Basins, plains, plateaus and hills

Highest elevation

Plateau and basin

Climatic characteristics