In the early morning of March 22nd, 2002, when the Long March II F-type high-thrust carrier rocket successfully launched Shenzhou III, all China people were proud of it. "Science and technology are the primary productive forces", and the development of China ultimately depends on scientific and technological progress. China's space industry is an extremely important part of China's scientific and technological undertakings, and it is the crystallization of the wisdom and sweat of generations of China's scientific and technological personnel. Now let's briefly review the tortuous road that China's space industry has gone through for half a century:
1000, China made the world's first rocket; It was not until the 0/3rd century A.D./KLOC that Europeans got this rare gift from the Chinese-rocket science.
In A.D. 1840, Britain opened the door to China with heavy shelling. When the British rocket landed on the head of the Qing emperor,
The descendants of the rocket suddenly realized: "Rocket! What about China's rockets? " .
China, the first country to invent the rocket in the world, ended up as a rocket with almost no children because of its long-term isolation and tragic history of being beaten for a hundred years.
How many people are worried: if you lose the rocket, you will lose the dog stick!
How many people are looking forward to: Rocket, when can you go back to your hometown?
Finally, at 1960, I ate Chinese cabbage and wheat paste, but I was full of energy; China's rocket soldiers, hungry, began the arduous journey from copying Soviet missiles to designing their own missiles.
1962 on March 2 1 day, China's first self-designed rocket took off at Jiuquan launch site 10 second, and then crashed.
1October 27th, 1966, 10, wrote a suicide note, and the "Seven Heroes of Gobi" who paid party dues for the last time entered the underground control room. When China announced the successful launch of missile nuclear weapons, the whole world was shocked.
1970 On April 24th, the Long March-1 carrier rocket made its debut.
1970, China successfully launched the first Dongfanghong satellite with the Long March-1 carrier rocket. Since then, the China Long March II carrier rocket, which was transformed from an intercontinental carrier rocket, has successively launched dozens of scientific experiments and recoverable scientific experimental satellites, all of which have been successful.
In the early 1980s, the launch vehicle developed by China became more and more mature. 1980 On May 18, China successfully launched its first intercontinental ballistic missile into the Pacific Ocean. 1982101in the middle of October, the strategic rocket launched by China's self-developed nuclear submarine from underwater hit the target accurately.
1On April 8th, 984, the first synchronous communication satellite was put into geostationary orbit by cz-3, which embodies the latest achievements of modern rocket technology in China. ......
1984, China used its own cz-3 to send its first communication satellite into geosynchronous orbit 36,000 kilometers away from the earth.
In the late 1980s, China's launch vehicle began to enter the international satellite launch market.
Since the successful launch of Yaxing-1, it has never been accepted. With the need of satellite launch, the types of launch vehicles in China are gradually increasing. Long March 3A, Long March 3B, Long March II and Long March III came out one after another and successfully launched international satellites.
1999165438+1On October 20th, China's first experimental spacecraft, Shenzhou-1, traveled in space, opening the first page in the flight test history of China's manned spaceflight project.
1On October 9th, Luan, director of the National Space Administration, made a report at the China Industrial High-tech Forum being held here. He pointed out that with the gradual unification of China's three major aerospace fields, China will strengthen macro-management and policy guidance in this high-tech field, take the path of space development with China characteristics, and promote the leap-forward development of China's space industry.
200 1, 1 1, the government of China published the white paper "Space in China" for the first time, showing the world the development prospects and goals of China's space activities at the beginning of 2/kloc-0 century.
In the early morning of 200110, the manned space launch site of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the northwest Gobi Desert, the "Shenzhou II" unmanned spacecraft was successfully launched by the "Long March II F" bundled high-thrust launch vehicle. The launch of the spacecraft will be the largest scientific experiment in China since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), following the successful explosion of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs and the launch of artificial earth satellites. This is a generous gift from China Aerospace to the motherland in the new century.
At 22: 00 15 on March 22, 2002, China successfully launched the Shenzhou III spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. This is a prototype unmanned spacecraft, but the astronauts are not on board, and the technical state of the spacecraft is completely consistent with the manned state. It marks new and important progress in China's manned spaceflight project and lays a solid foundation for sending Chinese astronauts into space in the near future.
In April, 2002, it landed successfully in central Inner Mongolia at 6: 00/day/KLOC-0. The spacecraft successfully completed the original space science and technology test mission. China's third manned space flight test was a complete success.
The successful launch and return of Shenzhou III unmanned spacecraft shows that China's manned space engineering technology is becoming more and more mature, which has laid a solid foundation for the ultimate realization of manned flight. At the same time, a series of space science experiments, such as earth observation, space materials science, life science and space environment detection, carried out by spacecraft to carry out multidisciplinary, large-scale and cutting-edge space science and applied research, marked? China's space science research and space resources development have entered a new stage of development.
At present, the varieties of launch vehicles for launching satellites in China have been serialized, ranging from dozens of kilograms to the world's largest five-ton satellite, which can be accurately sent into the scheduled orbit.
China's space technology has always been in the leading position in the world.
With the rapid development of launch vehicles, China has air-to-air missiles, ship-to-ship missiles, ground-to-air missiles, shore-to-ship missiles and ground-to-ground missiles. In short, in the words of China missile experts, at present, China has the ability to develop and produce almost all missiles in the world. Not long ago, China successfully test-fired a new type of long-range surface-to-surface missile and a surface-to-air missile that can meet multiple incoming missiles at the same time, which are new members of this missile family.
Second, look to the future.
When will Chinese astronauts travel in space in the shenzhou spaceship? When will China's lunar rover be able to travel freely on the moon? The realization of these beautiful dreams depends on the development of space technology. To commemorate the first anniversary of the publication of the white paper "Space in China", the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (National Space Administration) published the Outline for the Development of China Space in the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2006 5438+065438+122/2006), which disclosed the major space projects, manned space flight and the upcoming launch.
During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the special scientific research funds for civil space in China will reach more than 5 billion yuan, which is a significant increase compared with the 654.38+0.7 billion yuan in the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, just like a powerful "booster" for space development.
(1) Eight new stars reflect space.
In the Tenth Five-Year Plan for Civil Space approved by the state, eight new satellites are ready to be put into development. These eight new stars are: 1 ocean color detection satellite "Ocean No.1", two second-generation polar-orbiting meteorological satellites "Fengyun No.3", two earth space exploration satellites and a constellation composed of three small satellites for monitoring and forecasting environment and disasters.
The "Ocean No.1" satellite to be launched in 2002 will end the history of China without ocean satellites and create a new situation in ocean application and management. The main task of "Haiyang-1" satellite is to detect chlorophyll, suspended sediment and pollutants and explore the "home" of the ocean. In addition, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and the State Environmental Protection Administration will establish a small satellite constellation through three disaster and environmental monitoring satellites to monitor and analyze disasters and the environment in time, and realize "singing in the sky and reducing disasters on the ground" with high technology.
(2) New rockets, new "Long March".
China's "Long March" series of launch vehicles have launched the well-known "Dongfanghong" satellite, "Orsay" and "Shenzhou" spacecraft, and have made 64 flights so far, which is a great contribution to China's space industry. In the new century, the "Long March" rocket will make a new long March.
During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, and even in the next 20 years, large satellites weighing more than 4 tons or even 5 tons will account for 62% of the domestic and international satellite launch market, and are becoming the catalyst for the development of a new generation of rockets in China.
At present, the pre-research work of a new generation of launch vehicles has begun. According to authoritative rocket experts, China's new generation rocket series consists of three modules plus existing technology, namely, 5-meter module and 3. They are 35-meter module and 2.25-meter module respectively. Through the combination of modules, a new rocket family can be formed like building blocks. Whether launching a large satellite or a small satellite, whether a single satellite has multiple satellites with one arrow or multiple satellites with one arrow, all kinds of heavyweight satellites can be sent into different orbits by moving the "building blocks". With the increase of rocket diameter and thrust, its stages can be reduced accordingly, thus reducing the number of engines, ignition times and stage separation times, simplifying the mechanical structure, greatly reducing the single point of failure, and the rocket reliability index has reached the international advanced level. The new generation of launch vehicles has the characteristics of large thrust, non-toxic, pollution-free, low cost and high reliability, which will comprehensively enhance the international status of China's launch vehicles and make them among the first-class in the world to meet the domestic and international market demand in the next 30 to 50 years.
(3) China astronauts are flying with their hands on the sidelines.
With the successful launch of three "Shenzhou" spacecraft at the turn of the century, the mystery of China spacecraft has been unveiled, which is of great significance for comprehensively mastering and breaking through manned space technology. With the conquest of a large number of key technologies in manned space flight, Gagarin, China's first astronaut, is ready to appear. Luan Enjie, deputy director of China National Defense Science, Technology and Industry Committee, revealed on October 22nd that China is planning to carry out manned space flight on the basis of successfully launching two unmanned test spacecraft. According to the analysis quoted by Wen Wei Po, Shenzhou III was successfully recovered, and it is estimated that China will launch another spaceship, namely Shenzhou IV, before the end of the year.
Among the seven systems of China's manned spaceflight project, the astronaut system is a complex system that combines medicine and engineering centered on astronauts, involving many important fields such as aerospace life science and aerospace medical engineering. As early as the 1960s, China established a special institute of aerospace medical engineering to carry out various research work on sending China astronauts into space, such as studying environmental control and life support systems, conducting strict selection and special training for astronauts, designing spacesuits, developing aerospace food and drinks, and creating various "life shields" for astronauts.
According to China's manned spaceflight project, astronauts must go through a trilogy. The first task is to launch several unmanned spacecraft, and then launch a manned spacecraft to send astronauts safely into low-earth orbit, conduct appropriate earth observation and scientific experiments, and enable astronauts to return to the ground safely, thus achieving a historic breakthrough in manned space flight. In the second step, in addition to continuing to carry out earth observation and space experiments, we will focus on completing extravehicular activities, rendezvous and docking tests and launching long-term autonomous flight and long-term manned space laboratories, so as to build a complete and complete space engineering system in China as soon as possible and solve the space application problems of a certain scale in China. The third step is to build a larger space station with long-term care.
During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, China's manned spaceflight project will speed up research and experiments, and strive to realize the dream of China astronauts traveling in space at the beginning of the new century. It is reported that at the end of 1997, two "astronauts" from China completed the preparations for space flight at the Russian Gagarin Astronaut Preparation Center with excellent results. The two astronauts are fully familiar with the driving skills and methods of the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, and they will take on the heavy responsibility of space flight instructors after returning home. At the same time, China selected a group of future astronaut candidates from the best fighter pilots in China, and received training at the astronaut training base, always ready to go into space.
(4) Set sail for the moon.
Although the "eyes" of human beings have reached the depths of the universe of 65.438+0.2 billion light years, even though the spacecraft has landed on Mars, taking the moon as the goal of human space exploration still makes countries have a special liking. In the Tenth Five-Year Plan of China Aerospace, "Pre-research of deep space exploration with lunar exploration as the mainstay" has been placed in an important position.
As the closest celestial body to the earth, the moon not only has unique resources for human development and utilization, but also is a good base and outpost for human development of outer space. In the early 1990s, Academician Min, an aerospace expert, proposed that China should also engage in lunar satellites. During the period of 1997, three academicians, Yang Jiachi, Wang Daheng and Chen Fangyun, published "Suggestions on Developing Chinese Lunar Exploration Technology" in the name of "863 Plan".
China's lunar exploration activities will be carried out in several stages. During the period of 1998, the expert group passed the project research of "overall scheme design and key technology decomposition of lunar exploration robot", which opened the prelude to the research of lunar rover in China. Lunar rover is a kind of lunar exploration robot, which can be divided into manned and remote control. China's research focuses on the latter, and his main tasks are: judging the formation and evolution process of volcanoes, canyons and the lunar surface, detecting the activities of solar radiation, solar wind and meteorites on the lunar surface, comprehensively investigating and analyzing the lunar rocks, conducting heating experiments of various elements and sampling experiments of helium -3. The design of lunar rover is a complex system engineering, involving remote operation of machinery and robots, processing automation and artificial intelligence. It is reported that China's lunar rover technology has reached a certain level. NASA and the European Space Agency have officially launched the "Double Star Program for Space Exploration" and turned their attention to the deep space exploration research focusing on lunar exploration. It will no longer be out of reach for China people to ride freely on the moon.
We have reason to believe that the future of China Aerospace will be better!