/kloc-in the second half of the 0/8th century, yellow phosphorus was mainly used as an igniter. Because yellow phosphorus is toxic, it is gradually replaced by phosphorus sulfide matches. Although the latter is non-toxic, it may spontaneously ignite at any time, which is quite dangerous. 1833, the world's first match factory was formally established in Berger, Sweden. It was not until 1855 that safety matches were successfully developed and gradually adopted by countries all over the world. Matches are a kindling tool which is ignited by friction based on the principle that objects generate heat by friction, using the chemical activity of strong oxidants and reducers.
The side of the matchbox is coated with red phosphorus (igniter), antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3, flammable) and glass powder; The substances on the matchhead are generally KClO3, MnO2 (oxidant) and S (combustible). When the two sides rub, the heat generated by the friction makes the red phosphorus in contact with KClO3 and other substances ignite, and the combustible materials on the matchstick burn, thus causing the matchstick to catch fire. The advantage of safety matches is that red phosphorus is non-toxic, attached to the side of matchbox and matchstick respectively, with oxidant, and does not touch each other when not in use. So it's called security matching.
Matching history
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China (420 ~ 589), the "yin fire" could be easily changed into "yang fire" by dipping a stick in sulfur and using kindling or flint. This can be regarded as the most primitive collocation.
Tao at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty wrote in the Record of Dropping Out of Farming: "Hangzhou people cut pine into small pieces as thin as paper, melted sulfur and coated the top of sawdust, which is called making candles, which is also called essence, and also used to get angry instead of lamps and candles. In the six-year history, the poor in Qi made a living by sending candles, which was done by Hangzhou people. " The candles in the article are original.
"Zi Jian" records: "Abatti Giresse Concorde was founded nine years ago, and his concubines were poor and made a living by selling candles."
Gu Tao, a native of the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote: "There is something urgent at night, so it is difficult to slow down the lights. A wise man dyed a batch of cedar branches with sulfur and put them aside for use. When they meet a fire, they will get a flame. Since he is a god, he calls for light slaves. Those who have goods today must change their names. " This means that it was very popular among the people at that time to use a sulfur-coated Chinese fir strip to make a fire, which also shows that the original match should have been invented before the book Qing Louis was written, that is, before 950 AD. According to an important historical record: "In the Han Dynasty, the King of Huainan cited alchemists, Yan Bagong and others wrote Hongbao Wanbifang, and the method of candle was one of them. The rest are not urgent for the people, so they cannot be used in the world. However, the French candle began in Liu An. " The French candle here is the later candle, which is the predecessor of matches. According to Gao Cheng's account, we can know that the original matches were invented by early alchemists in the 2nd century AD. We also know that sulfur is the main medicine of alchemists, so it is more reasonable for them to invent primitive matches.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, the streets of Hangzhou were full of match vendors. Someone cut pine into small pieces as thin as paper and coated one end with sulfur. But it is not called "match", but "candle" and "essence". It's long overdue, but people haven't paid attention to it yet.
In Europe, matches appeared in ancient Rome. At that time, some vendors soaked firewood in sulfur and sold it. This kind of firewood soaked in sulfur will not catch fire itself, but it can be used to start a fire. People beat the flint with iron blocks and let the spilled sparks fall on these firewood, so that they can get kindling. In the Middle Ages, Europeans used reeds instead of firewood as kindling materials.
1669 extraction of yellow phosphorus by H. Brand in Germany. People take advantage of the easy oxidation and ignition of yellow phosphorus, dip one end of a small stick in sulfur, and then dip it in yellow phosphorus to glow. 1805, a Frenchman, Chansel, stuck potassium chlorate and sugar on a small stick with a tree and dipped it in sulfuric acid. These are the rudiments of modern competitions.
1826, the Englishman J. Walker glued potassium chlorate and antimony trisulfide to the end of a small stick as a medicine head and put it in a box with sandpaper on the side of the box. Holding a small stick, scraping the medicine head on sandpaper can ignite and burn. This is the earliest collocation with practical value.
183 1 year, the Frenchman C. Soria mixed yellow phosphorus into the medicine head instead of antimony trioxide to make yellow phosphorus matches. Although this kind of match is easy to use, it is too sensitive to ignite and is easy to cause fire. Moreover, in the process of manufacture and use, yellow phosphorus is highly toxic, which seriously harms people's health.
1845 red phosphorus (also known as red phosphorus) was developed by Austrian A. Schrodter, which is an allotrope of yellow phosphorus with stable performance and no toxicity. 1855, Swedish J.E. Lundstrom invented a new type of match, in which a mixture of potassium chlorate and sulfur was stuck on the matchstick, and red phosphorus was coated on the side of the matchbox. When in use, the match head can be lit by lightly scratching on the phosphorus layer. Because of the separation of strong oxidant and strong reductant, the safety of production and use is greatly enhanced, which is called safety match and is widely used.
1898, French H. Sevene and E. D. Caen used phosphorus trisulfide instead of yellow phosphorus to make matches, which were called phosphorus sulfide matches. This kind of matches, like yellow phosphorus matches, have no toxicity of yellow phosphorus and can be rubbed everywhere, but they are still not as safe as safety matches.
The match industry originated in Europe. 1833, the world's first match factory was established in beria, Kalma, Sweden. 1865, matches were imported into China, then called "foreign matches" or "spontaneous matches". The first match factory in China was Qiao Ming Match Factory founded by Wei Shengxuan in Foshan County, Guangdong Province on 1879. By 1900, there are 19 match factories in China. 192 1 year, Liu hongsheng set up hongsheng match factory in Suzhou, improved match formula and production management, and produced "beautiful" brand matches with high quality and low price. Liu Hongsheng founded Shanghai Greater China Match Company on 1930. After 1949, China's match production gradually realized mechanization and semi-automation. 1967 The first automatic match continuous machine was successfully trial-produced. 1982, the first continuous production line in China was built in Jinan Match Factory.
On September 6, 20 12, Hebei Botou Match Co., Ltd. will hold an asset disposal auction, and the last batch of equipment will be auctioned, which indicates that the largest match manufacturer in Asia has completely entered history. Hebei Botou Match Co., Ltd., formerly known as Bozhen Yonghua Match Co., Ltd., was established in 19 12. Feng, then acting president of the Republic of China, invested 40,000 yuan to set up a foreign firm, rewriting the history of China people's dependence on foreign matches, and once became the largest match manufacturer in China and even Asia after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The local cultural relics department has protected the main match production equipment of Botou matches and will set up a special exhibition hall for display.