The formation of Hakka and Hakka culture has gone through a long historical period. In the process of its formation, due to the large-scale floating immigrants and the sinister environment, they were forced to abandon their cowardly and conservative characters and weak-willed members and explore their living environment with indomitable spirit and fighting spirit, thus creating a unique Hakka culture and spirit. However, the predecessor of Hakka culture is actually the Central Plains culture. Hakka people originated in the Central Plains, and Hakka people are immigrants from the Central Plains. Hakka people all over Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan Province, Fujian, Jiangxi and overseas are born with the imprint of Central Plains culture. Although it lasted for a long time, they have been learning from generation to generation and passing it on to them. Therefore, in a sense, Hakka culture is an evolved culture of the Central Plains. Because of the preservation of the original form of the Central Plains culture, it is inextricably linked with the Central Plains culture in terms of cultural origin.

Without the migration and southward migration of Central Plains immigrants, there would be no Hakka clan, which is the premise of the formation of Hakka culture. However, the main reasons for the migration are the war and the destruction of the country, which makes the migration have a forced nature and a sad color; Because of this, this mobility also makes them pay more attention to the old cultural foundation and ideology. The strong local consciousness and humanistic spirit in the Central Plains culture always shake the souls of these immigrants, making it difficult for them to break away from the spirit of Chinese culture conceptually. On the other hand, the completely changed living environment and living conditions force them to change the old culture (at least partially), and they must establish some new cultures to adapt to the new environment and new situation and discard the old culture. In this way, Hakka culture must have duality: first, consciously preserve the old culture; Second, the passive transformation of the old culture has become the style and characteristics of Hakka culture. Whether the old culture is preserved or transformed, it is inseparable from the mother source of the Central Plains culture.

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The so-called "Hakka" has two meanings: one is "guest", which refers to immigrants; The second is "home", which refers to those wealthy families who migrated from the Central Plains to the south or settled down and got married.

Historically, Hakka ancestors were mostly residents of the Central Plains, especially Yuzhou. Its migration began in the late Western Jin Dynasty and early Eastern Jin Dynasty. "The Book of Jin Geography" said in Yuzhou: "On the occasion of Yongjia, Yuzhou was trapped in a stone lion. Yuan Di crossed the river and established overseas Chinese in Xiangyang County and Fanchang County of Chungu County. Emperor Cheng and overseas Chinese established Yuzhou between Jianghuai and lived in Wuhu. When Huainan entered the north, it was divided into Danyang, and the overseas Chinese established Huainan County and lived in Hukou. In Dangyang County, people cross the river, overseas Chinese stand as counties, and Huainan, Lujiang and Anfeng belong to Yuzhou. " At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Yongjia Rebellion, the northern minorities went south in a big way, and finally destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty in one fell swoop. The Central Plains shook, and the wealthy families suffered an unprecedented impact. In this great change, the gentry and noble families in Yuzhou, capital city were most seriously affected. With the establishment of the southern Eastern Jin regime, they moved south one after another. In order to recruit and take care of these gentry, the Eastern Jin regime began to set up overseas Chinese counties in the south where these immigrants lived, and named them after the northern place names to take care of their consciousness and psychology. According to the Records of Geography of the Book of Jin, Yuzhou is the largest hometown of overseas Chinese. It can be seen that Henan has the largest number of immigrants and the greatest strength; In order to take care of the interests of these nobles to the greatest extent, the Eastern Jin Dynasty established the "guest-giving system", which directly evolved into the title of "Hakka", injecting greater vitality into the organizational system and social structure of Hakka. "Records of Counties and Counties in the Southern Qi Dynasty" said: "When people are in trouble, they move here, and refugees take their surnames as their guests." At that time, almost all northern surnames moved south. Due to the protection of the Eastern Jin regime, these migrating northerners did not decline, but prospered day by day, which provided a certain power source for the frequent southward migration.

Judging from the migration route of the whole Hakkas, it can be roughly divided into five stages according to the historical division: the first time was the "famous family, going south" in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty. They came from the Central Plains, mostly in the Jianghuai area, and most of them went to Anhui and Jiangxi. This time, due to the various care policies of the Eastern Jin government, it quickly stabilized and lasted for five centuries. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the society was in turmoil, and the soldiers of Huang Chao Peasant Uprising Army fought in the south and the north. These noble families are under great threat. After the first flight, Hakka ancestors settled at the crossroads of Huang Chao Uprising Army. In this case, they started their second migration, that is, from Anhui, Henan, Hubei and Jiangxi where they settled for the first time, and then to southern Anhui, southeastern Jiangxi, southwestern Fujian and northeastern Guangdong. After the second migration, it was stable for 300 years. Later, Jin and Mongolia successively occupied the north and invaded the south, and the Hakka ancestors could no longer move. This third relocation is part of their second-phase old residence, and they moved to eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong. More than 500 years later, Hakkas began their fourth migration. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Manchu people moved south to the Central Plains. Some of the worst-hit Hakkas moved from their hometown to central Guangdong and coastal areas, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan and Taiwan Province for the second or third time, and a few moved to Guizhou and southern Yunnan. The last migration of Hakkas was during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. Some Hakkas have moved to southern Guangdong and Hainan Island, while others live overseas. Up to now, after five migrations, the living area of Hakkas has been basically stable, showing the current distribution of Hakkas.

Due to the influence of the traditional culture of the Central Plains and the constant drift from place to place, Hakka people attach great importance to their genealogy. The origin and route of these migrations are described in detail in their genealogy. No matter how they migrate, they are always obsessed with their origins and often "describe their origins". In the Hakka genealogy that can be found today, they always cherish the memories of their former residences, most of which are in the Central Plains, especially in Henan.

The concept and group of Hakka is formed by the continuous migration and mobility of some residents in the Central Plains in history, and it is a cultural and humanistic phenomenon created by history. However, there is still a meeting point and a turning point from Chinese to Hakka. As the concept of Hakkas is mainly the change of residence, this turning point is also reflected in the transit link in their migration process. Investigating the migration of Hakkas, we can find that Shibi Township in Ninghua, Fujian Province is a transit link of Hakkas' migration and a milestone in the transformation from Central Plains immigrants to Hakkas. Judging from a large number of genealogies and local chronicles, Shibi Township in Ninghua occupies a pivotal position in the history of Hakka immigrants and is a place where Hakka people praise and cherish Ming. Hakkas migrated from the Central Plains to the south and even around the world, almost all of them passed through Ninghua and its stone walls. There is a Wuyishan vein as a barrier in the northwest of Ninghua, and a relatively flat narrow strip as a channel leading to Fujian. After the Central Plains immigrants gathered here, they formed a relatively integrated immigrant group and then flowed to Fujian and Guangdong, thus starting the real Hakka period. Therefore, all immigrants from the Central Plains who live here and are identified as * * * here have been transformed into Hakkas and their descendants, which have become the defining standards and standards of Hakkas, and this is indeed the case in history.

The appellation of Hakka was formed in the Tang and Song Dynasties. There are references to Hakka, Hakka, Hakka, Hakka, Hakka, Hakka, Hakka, etc. Important genealogical documents describing the Hakka people passing through the stone wall in Ninghua, such as Qiu's genealogy in Meixian, Liu's genealogy in Jiaying, Liao's genealogy in Xingning and Yao's genealogy in Pingyuan, etc. It is recorded that during the two immigration periods of Tang and Song Dynasties, Hakka people formed in concept and essence, thus forming a unique Hakka culture.

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Hakka culture is a culture formed in the process of migration according to the needs of environmental changes. It inherits the core of the Central Plains culture, extends the cultural needs under the new environment and conditions, thus creating some new cultural contents and inheriting the cultural traditions of the Central Plains. Because Hakkas always migrate in groups or families, and their living space is relatively closed and single, and because their ancestors are famous families with high knowledge of Central Plains culture, some of the Central Plains cultures they have preserved are relatively prototype and pure.

Sticking to ethics, emphasizing ethics and advocating morality is a major feature of Central Plains culture. Hakka ancestors themselves are senior intellectuals in the Central Plains, and naturally attach great importance to the basic content of this traditional culture, so they pay special attention to ethics, advocate style of writing, be realistic and simple, study hard and be brave in making progress. Chen Yundong, a scholar in Taiwan Province, concluded: "Although the Hakkas moved from the Central Plains to the south, they still have ancient customs, because they value virtue, loyalty, propriety, reason and humanity. It is the purest to keep the Han descent. Language customs and habits are still the legacy of the Central Plains. Its etiquette, morality, good knowledge and ethics all show the national temperament of the Central Plains ... Hakka people have the ancient style of the Central Plains in terms of their language and spiritual expression. " Luo Xianglin, a famous scholar, pointed out in his Hakka Origin that this "Hakka spirit" is the best embodiment and development of the "Central Plains spirit". Eight manners and customs in the Records of Jiaying Prefecture in Jiaying area where Hakka people are concentrated are quoted from the Records of the Unification and the Qing Dynasty: "The quality of folk customs is frugal, focusing on basics, and the land is narrow and barren, and there is still vitality. A gentleman uses wood as a material, and a villain covers it, commonly known as sincere wishes. " Zhiyun Wang also said, "A well-nourished family will benefit from thrift. It will pay tribute to the public, not flog it. Scholars like reading and talk a lot, but they are too poor to drop out of school. " Wang Xiangzhi's "Ji Di" says: "Fang gradually learned about Meizhou and tasted Wei:' Mei people have no crops, and they rely on the living to study', which shows that Zhou scholars have been studying since the Song Dynasty." This situation is exactly the same as the ancient style of the Central Plains.

Paying attention to morality and loving reading is a cultural habit. Its essence is to inherit and carry forward China's traditional culture, especially traditional scholarship. Confucianism is the highest embodiment of the cultural spirit of the Central Plains, and Hakka people regard Confucianism as a classic. In the larger Hakka settlements, almost all of them have built learning palaces and places to worship Confucius. For traditional knowledge, Hakka also has many Confucian masters. According to relevant historical records, Hakkas are all scholars. In Song Dynasty, there were Changting Yang Fang and Ninghua Zhang, both of whom were literati in history books. Neo-Confucianism flourished in the Ming Dynasty, and more Hakkas made achievements in Neo-Confucianism research, such as Huiyang Ye Chunfang, Ye Tianyou, Xinfeng Yupu, Longnan Yuehua, Nankang Zhaowen Liu, Xingning Zhang Tian, Changting Yangyu, etc., all of which were famous for a while. In the Qing Dynasty and modern times, Hakka teachers, scholars, writers, poets, and famous calligraphers and painters have emerged in an endless stream, forming their own distinctive academic schools.

Hakka people abide by ethical codes and have their own set of ethics. The change of environment and the hardship of conditions make them pay more attention to family, relationship and family group, and the humanistic spirit of Central Plains culture deepens the concept of family group from time to time. As the most basic unit of society, family is their direct sustenance and dependence in spirit and life. Their dependence on family has become their survival consciousness and penetrated into their psychology. A series of personalities formed in this psychological consciousness-loyalty to the family, filial piety to parents, concern for friends and brothers, and harmony in the neighborhood-have also become the ethical norms advocated by Hakkas.

The most talked about by Hakkas is "wooden water source", and they will never forget the experience of their ancestors, thus respecting the family system. Hakkas respect and strongly advocate living together for generations, which was very obvious as early as the Tang and Song Dynasties. Zi Tong Zhi Ji Jian Tang records that Hakka Zhang Gongyi "lived together for the ninth time, and the Qi, Sui and Tang Dynasties all showed their doors." I have been to Shouzhang, but fortunately I am at his house. I asked him why he could live in * * *, and the word' forbearance' in the public art book was more than 100 words, and I also gave him a gift. " Chen Jing, a Hakka in the history of filial piety in the Song Dynasty, said: "There were more than 700 women in the past dynasties, but there were no concubines. People live in harmony with each other, and everyone will sit in a wide hall when eating. Those who are not adults have no seats ... rural norms and few disputes. " This family group has played a considerable role in Hakka life, seeking economic self-sufficiency, caring for the elderly, educating children and offering sacrifices to ancestors; Externally, resist foreign aggression and protect family security with collective strength. In the Hakka family, the division of labor is meticulous and reasonable, and the industry is complete. If one line fails, it can be filled with other lines, so that there will be no vacancy. The extended family is presided over by parents. If parents are alive, even children and grandchildren will not be separated. The increase in the number of people creates houses and gradually forms a "ridge house". This is praised as a "black flying butterfly falling from the sky" by Professor Mao Mu Tomichiro of Japanese University of Arts, which shows the basic characteristics of Hakka living culture and is called "a unique and mythical mountain-building model in the world". This residential group with both residential function and security function also reflects the strong family concept and affinity of Hakka people.

Hakka ancestor worship is a great event, and it still is. In the first month of ancestor worship, the offering must be placed for 15 days before it can be removed. On the night of mourning, the whole family gathered in front of the ancestral tablet, and the old man told his children and grandchildren about the achievements of their ancestors and taught the younger generation to know everything. "Old Chinese Etiquette and Custom" quoted a Hakka festival song: "Celebrate the New Year in the first month, burn incense to worship ancestors". Ancestor worship activities include both grand and solemn ceremonies and lively and cheerful peaceful atmosphere. During festivals, such as going back to her mother's house on the second day of the second lunar month, Laba and offering sacrifices to stoves, etc. , still clearly reflects the charm of Central Plains culture.

Several migrations have also left Hakkas in a state of mobility, big or small. When migrating, no matter how difficult and sinister, they often take away the remains of their ancestors, and when they arrive at their new homes, they will be reburied according to the ceremony. In case of danger, if brothers are forced to separate, they will copy the genealogy and remember it for the future. All of them are the continuation of the Central Plains humanities formed by long-term consanguinity.

Hakka weddings and funerals also fully reflect the characteristics of Central Plains culture. The spread of race and the death of individuals are eternal and recurring facts in human society, which are inevitable for any nation or tribe. Due to the differences in production methods, economic sources, ecological environment and humanistic psychology, wedding and funeral etiquette is also very different. Etiquette abstracted from these two eternal themes also shows the different characteristics of different cultures. No matter how they are separated from each other, they still follow the instructions of their ancestors to ensure their extravagant weddings and funerals, which reflects the behavior of "Zhongyuan people". Mr. Deng Xunzhi, a scholar in Taiwan Province Province, said: "The ancestors of Hakkas came from the Central Plains and have preserved the traditional culture of the Central Plains for generations, so their wedding customs are deeply influenced by ancient customs; In other words, the Hakkas' concept of marriage is still aimed at the traditional' next generation of clansmen'. " Historically, Hakka's marriage etiquette is basically carried out in accordance with the wedding ceremony in the ancient ceremony of the Central Plains. That is, receiving gifts, asking names, Naji, receiving badges, inviting parties and welcoming guests face to face. Before western civilization was introduced into China, it was basically an old-fashioned wedding and old-fashioned procedure. With the development of society, even after the weddings in the Central Plains are simplified and liberalized with the changes of the times, Hakka weddings are still carried out in accordance with the ancient ceremonies in the Central Plains. In this respect, due to their introversion, the cultural tradition in the Central Plains is even more obvious than that in the Central Plains, and the funeral of Hakkas can not be separated from Zagreb in ancient Central Plains. From the time of dying, they all kept the traditional customs of the Central Plains culture, such as dressing up, waking up, burying and mourning. This solemn mourning ceremony, coupled with the careful and proper attention of the Hakka people, will often vent the sadness of their loved ones to the fullest. Hakka people not only abide by customs, but also know how to use their feelings very well.

Some of the Hakka cultural phenomena mentioned above show obvious cultural characteristics of the Central Plains. But this is not because Hakka culture has been influenced by the Central Plains culture, but Hakka culture itself is a form of promotion of the Central Plains culture, which is just something that is still adhered to and preserved in the promotion process compared with the ancient Central Plains culture. For many reasons, Hakka culture's preservation of tradition is even more orthodox and pure than that of Central Plains culture. However, culture itself is produced, developed and changed with the living environment. After all, Hakka people move out of the Central Plains and settle in a completely different living space from the Central Plains, which is bound to transform and update the original culture, especially the material culture. For example, food culture, due to the changes of living environment and soil ecological products, it is impossible to retain the traditional food structure in the Central Plains. Others, such as life, business, newly worshipped gods, clothes being decorated, etc. It is also very different from similar cultures in the Central Plains, which is an inevitable and normal phenomenon of cultural development.

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Language is an important aspect to show the cultural characteristics of a type. Hakka dialect is the basis of maintaining Hakka consciousness and spiritual strength, and almost becomes the definition of Hakka. As Hakka dialect originated in the Central Plains, Hakka dialect is a direct embodiment of the ancient sounds in the Central Plains.

In terms of ethnic origin, Hakka is the Han nationality, and it is also the most popular name for the Han nationality living in the Central Plains. Due to their long-term isolation, their Han descent seems to be more pure. Language is the first cultural factor in living in * * *, communicating thoughts and feelings with the body, and producing and living. These lofty and aloof aristocratic descendants have always maintained their own unique language characteristics. So there are many ancient Chinese sounds in Hakka dialect, especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Chen Feng's Shu Dong Ji said: "Jiaying's words are mostly ancient sounds before Sui and Tang Dynasties." Zhang Taiyan's new dialect, Lingwai Sanzhou dialect: "Guangdong Hui and Jiaying flourished in Tai Po. Their people have crossed the ridge since the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and lived on the seashore. Their language is ancient and incompatible with the indigenous people ... I tried to ask their people, and they are always there."

There are only two ways to spread language. One is the language of life from primary school; First, the written language of teaching books. The ancestors of Hakkas have a high level of education and accept more written languages. This was called "Yayan" in ancient times. The so-called polite expressions are those civilized expressions that have relatively eliminated "slang". In today's Hakka dialect, there are still many such quaint words, and consistent contrast can often be found in ancient words. For example, in Hakka, I call me, you call it if, he calls it fainting, the sun is the sun, and my sister is my sister. There is nothing for nothing, eating is eating, drinking is drinking, porridge is porridge, beautiful is gorgeous, dirty is greasy or filthy, fat is fat, scattered is decadent, good is good. These are ancient elegant words and ancient formal literary terms. As long as you dabble in ancient Chinese, you will find that Hakka is the best preserver of ancient Chinese among all the language families that have been passed down to this day. Such expressions can be found everywhere in Hakka dialect. In fact, in real cultural life, the spoken language of Hakkas is almost the same as that of ancient times. In fact, in the ancient Central Plains, I am afraid that only intellectuals would use these elegant words when writing. However, in the process of migration, Hakka ancestors with high knowledge often consciously extended and fixed the elegant words of the Central Plains into oral life and became a tradition in order to accurately identify with the physical meaning of place names in the face of the unfamiliar language environment in the south. Invisibly, the ancient sayings in the Central Plains have emerged one after another and become an important part of Hakka dialect.

Hakka dialect is also the best preserver of ancient sounds in the Central Plains. The degree of this reservation is more orthodox and standardized than the current Central Plains phonology. For example, The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in ancient China, most of which are from the Central Plains. Since it is a poem, the ending always has rhyme, but now the common pronunciation is not necessarily. "Poem Qifeng Nanshan": "Line five or two, the crown stops. There are swings in the land, and the seven sons will never stop. You can't stop if you want to stop. " Among them, body double, mediocrity and subordinates should be Ye Yun. However, due to the great changes in China's pronunciation in the Tang Dynasty, it began to rhyme, so the ancient sounds before Sui and Tang Dynasties are rarely preserved in the Central Plains and even in most parts of China today, but there are many reservations about the ancient sounds in the Central Plains in Hakka dialect. For example, reciting poems in Hakka dialect can make them catchy and clear.

The study of Hakka language is a very professional and difficult subject. Generally speaking, no matter from phonology or exegetics, dialectologists believe that Hakka dialect is the closest to Central Plains ancient Chinese, especially Henan ancient Chinese, which retains many phonological words of ancient Zhongzhou and has a strong color of ancient Zhongzhou customs. In fact, these statements only mean that the ancient words of Zhongzhou in Hakka dialect are not ancient words in a single time and space, but are related to the ancient words of the Central Plains from the pre-Qin to the Tang and Song Dynasties, and are closely related to the different times, different starting points and different places experienced by Hakka ancestors when they moved south. The reason why these ancient words can be preserved is mainly because of the cultural psychology of Hakka people who "would rather sell their ancestral fields than forget their ancestral words" and also because of Hakka people. The formation of this language is the basic condition for Hakka people to belong to Hakka ethnic groups. As a cultural phenomenon, Hakka dialect is not isolated, but deeply rooted in the whole culture of Hakka people, and it is a mirror of their ancestors and sources.

Hakka culture is inextricably linked with the Central Plains. By combing and tracing Hakka culture, we can always find some prototypes or shadows of Central Plains civilization. However, from the objective cultural form, Hakka culture is another cultural form different from that of the Central Plains, and it cannot be described as a sub-layer culture originating from the Central Plains. Hakka culture is Hakka entity culture, the product of the great cultural background and social and historical changes of the Chinese nation, and the result of the evolution of local cultural movements.