snuff

Tobacco products. In the ninth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (158 1), it was introduced to China from Italy. Its raw material is dried tobacco leaves, which are rich in oil and have a good smell after drying. When making, the sand on tobacco leaves is removed first, then ground by grinding, and the parts below 100 mesh are screened, and the necessary precious medicinal materials are added, then sealed in a clay pot and buried underground, so that it is aged for more than one year, and roses or jasmine flowers are added to enhance the fragrance. When in use, the cigarette powder is stuck on the finger and sent into the nostril, and then gently inhaled. Consumers are mainly herdsmen in Tibet and Inner Mongolia.

Snuff is made by adding precious spices such as musk to finely ground high-quality tobacco or refining it with flowers. The production process is very elegant. Because snuff is easy to ferment in snuff bottles, it is usually sold with wax for several years or even decades. There are five kinds of smoke: pungent, mushy, sour, bean and bitter. Snuff comes in many colors, such as purple-black, old yellow and light yellow. It smells mellow and spicy, and has the effects of improving eyesight, refreshing, fighting epidemic and promoting blood circulation. There are different colors such as black purple, old yellow and light yellow, and the smell is mellow and spicy. It is said that it has the effects of improving eyesight, refreshing, fighting epidemic and promoting blood circulation. Tobacco spread from America to Fujian through Luzon (now Lumo Island in the Philippines) during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, when it was called Tampa or Tampa Mushroom.

Tobacco, together with corn, tomatoes, potatoes and chocolate, is one of the five great inventions of ancient American Indians, with a history of more than 2,000 years. However, it was not until the fifth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1492) that Columbus discovered the new American continent that American tobacco gradually spread to the whole world. Curtis of the British Royal Art Association said in the History of Snuff and Snuff Bottle published in new york in 1935 that the Spanish navigator Columbus arrived in El Salvador in1June 492+1February1October, and the precious gift given to Columbus by local Indians was golden tobacco leaves. Indians often travel on foot or by ox cart, and their lives are very turbulent and hard. Smoking grass can not only overcome work and hunger, but also cure wounds and diseases. Tobacco has become a precious gift given to mankind by God Week.

1503 (the 17th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty), the Spanish monk Pani who accompanied Columbus on his second expedition discovered the peculiar custom of American Indians-snuff. He said that snuff is passed through a thin tube, one end of which is placed on the cigarette powder and the other end is placed in front of the nostrils. In the process of smelling, the tubule is often pulled out for cleaning. Both Mexico and Brazil are rich in tobacco leaves, so Indians in Mexico and Brazil also have the habit of smelling snuff. Later, Portuguese colonists came to America and found Indian cigarettes made in Brazil. In Brazil, there was a professional snuff workshop, which mixed high-quality tobacco powder with roses to make the best snuff in the world at that time. Indians also use rosewood as mortar and pestle, pound high-quality tobacco into powder, and add broken leaves of vanilla plants to make fragrant snuff. Snuff is often hot. The lower end of a thin tube made of bone is inserted into the snuff, and the upper end is placed in front of the nostril to absorb the fragrance. These rosewood mortar and pestle, as well as bone tubules used for smoking, are beautifully decorated handicrafts. Indians of Otomark nose tribe collect tobacco and mimosa branches, cut them into pieces, moisten them, ferment them, then mix potato flour to make snuff, put it on a plate, hold a fork (made of bones, mostly bird-shaped) in their right hand, and put it in front of their noses to smell. Some snuff is also mixed with bark, such as red willow, red hardwood, yew, sumac, musk and gum. Beautiful snuff bottles (boxes) made by Indians from animal bones, horns, leather and bark are precious handicrafts.

In the first century BC, Tabasco and Chiapas in Mexico were still virgin forests and swamps, rich in tobacco. Tobacco has six feet tall, light red flowers and three feet long leaves. In the 5th century AD, the culture and art of the famous ancient Maya country in Mexican history reached its peak. Ancient Maya Indians burned tobacco to worship their most revered sun god. Tabasco is a famous Aztec kingdom in ancient Mexican history. At that time, Indians also burned tobacco to worship the sun god. Anthropologists and archaeologists believe that tobacco in ancient Mexico was the most famous, and Tabasco produced the best tobacco, so Indians in South America also commonly called tobacco "Tabasco". At the same time, Indian pipe fragments were also found in Louisiana, along the Mississippi River and near Lake Erie, because Indians from ancient Mayan countries migrated northward along the Mississippi River from the estuary to the Ohio Valley and Lake Erie Valley. Interestingly, Eskimos in northern Canada also have the habit of smoking grass. Some anthropologists believe that this is because Eskimos are mainly nomadic, and their food is mostly meat and fat, but they lack salt, which may help digestion through smoking.

Snuff was introduced to China in Qin Long period of Ming Dynasty, with a history of more than 400 years. According to the records of Zhao in Qing Dynasty, in the ninth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (158 1), Italian missionary Matteo Ricci brought snuff, chimes, world maps and other tributes to the emperor, but there is no record of snuff in the list of "things offered by Matteo Ricci" in the existing court archives of Ming Dynasty. When it was first introduced to China, it was called "zhina Tiger", "zhina Fu", "Sila", "Blue Uighur" and "Kelun zhina Tiger", all of which were transliterated from foreign words. During Yongzheng period, Yong Zhengdi named "Shi" as "snuff" according to the characteristics of snuff smelling through the nose. At this point, snuff began to have the name of China. After snuff was introduced into the palace, it began to flow into the upper class as the emperor presented snuff and snuff bottles to ministers.

According to Yao Lu's Lu Shu and other historical records in the Ming Dynasty, tobacco originated in Luzon, which was called "light smoke" in ancient times and "talking about meat and fruit, never returning". Because the color of cut tobacco is golden, it can be intoxicating if smoked too much, so it is also called golden silk drunkenness and dry wine. In the early Ming Dynasty, tobacco was used to pay tribute to China. During the Wanli period, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province began to grow tobacco. Tampa is a transliteration of Spanish tobacco, and Spanish is Tabas, following the American Indian language. In the fifth year of Qin Long in Ming Dynasty (157 1), Manila Port in Luzon opened and became a Spanish trade base in the Far East. Many Spanish galleons set sail from Lima, Peru, bringing American fruits, bacon, walnuts, knitting needles, improved chickens, tobacco, snuff bottles and snuff bottles to Luzon. At the same time, Fujian businessmen in China also transported tea, porcelain, raw silk, brocade, pearls, precious stones, crystals, gold and copper washbasins to Luzon to trade with Spanish businessmen, and transported tobacco and snuff transported by Spanish businessmen to Luzon back to Fujian. Therefore, Fujian businessmen also followed the transliteration of Spanish tobacco and called tobacco Tamba.

Because the early snuff was made in Germany, Spain, France and Thailand (especially Germany), it was expensive, so only bureaucrats, nobles and other upper classes could afford it. After the five-port trade between Qing Dynasty and light years, some merchants in Guangzhou copied imported snuff with domestic tobacco raw materials, and since then snuff has become popular in society. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, snuff was gradually replaced by dry cigarettes, hookahs and cigarettes, and was eventually eliminated by society.

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Snuff was lost in China, probably during the reign of Kangxi, when xi Chao made a final decision, saying, "In the 23rd year of Kangxi, the emperor made a southern tour, and Wang Rupan hoped to finish it, giving western wax and green with platinum." According to the western wax, that is, snuff bottles, like this Emperor Kangxi, although he hated tobacco, he left snuff in his tribute, which fully showed his cherished meaning. During the Yongzheng period, the use of snuff was even worse, and the tribute was more expensive and the reward was more kind. In the third year of Yongzheng, Italian Pope Bernardine presented 60 kinds of square objects, including glass snuff bottles, Cashlen snuff bottles, plain snuff bottles, agate snuff bottles, snuff bottles and so on. In five years, Portuguese King Joseph sent envoys to Madler to pay tribute to 4/kloc-0 items, including snuff. A few years later, King Joseph of Portugal presented 28 kinds of articles, including 6 kinds of snuff bottles and snuff. At that time, at the emperor's banquet, ministers below Baylor gave snuff bottles and snuff bottles as a sign of their great kindness. The gentry class is black and blue, which is even more obvious. (Refer to the Hall of Qinghui) Officials in the Qing Dynasty all loved to smoke snuff, so they couldn't live without it for a moment. (Excerpted from Huang Xianfan's Investigation on the Spread of Smoking Custom (V), published in Sweeping Newspaper (Weekly of Literature, History and Geography) No.51issue, 1942 65438+ 10/4; It also includes Huang Xianfan's "A Preliminary Study on the Interpretation of Ancient Books-Selected Academic Papers of Huang Xianfan", 198 page, Guangxi Normal University Press, July 2004, 1 version).