Du fu in Tang dynasty
Although a country is divided, mountains and rivers last forever, and the spring of trees and grass is back.
Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness.
After three months of war, a piece of news from home is worth a ton of gold.
I stroke my white hair. It has become so thin that it can no longer hold hairpins.
This is a five-character poem written in the second year from Tang Suzong to Germany (757). Chang 'an at that time was burned and plundered by the Anshi Rebellion, and it was desolate everywhere. Du Fu saw that the mountains and rivers still existed, the country was ruined and the land was desolate in spring. At this time of homesickness in adversity, he couldn't help feeling deep sorrow and emotion.
The poet showed patriotism in this poem. In fact, Du Fu has many poems that reflect real events, such as the famous Three Officials and Three Farewells, which vividly reflect the profound and intense social contradictions and people's sufferings in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, from a large number of realistic poems of Du Fu, we can understand many historical events at that time from another unofficial angle. This is consistent with Mr. Chen Yinque's research on the history of poetry. This is the history of poetry.
Creation background
In November of the 14th year of Tianbao (755), An Lushan rebelled against the Tang Dynasty. In June of the following year, the rebels captured Tongguan, and Tang Xuanzong fled to Sichuan in a hurry. In July, Prince Hengli was located in Lingwu (present-day Ningxia), known as Su Zong in the world, and was renamed as De. When Du Fu heard the news, he settled down in a boat and went to the Suzong court alone. Unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels on the way and sent to Chang 'an, but he was not imprisoned because of his humble position. In the spring of the second year of Zhide, Du Fu, who was in the occupied area, witnessed the scene of depression in Chang 'an, and he had mixed feelings, so he wrote this masterpiece that will be told for generations.
"Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers remain forever, and the vegetation turns green in spring." The beginning of the poem describes what I saw in spring: the mountains and rivers remain the same, but the capital has fallen, the city is ruined in the war, the grass grows and the trees are barren. The poet remembers how prosperous the spring in Chang 'an was, with birds singing and flowers fragrant, sheep flying, bright smoke and tourists lingering, but that scene has disappeared today. A word "broken" makes people stunned, and another word "deep" makes people sad. The poet wrote about today's scenery, which truly expressed people's sense of history, pinned their feelings on things, and created a desolate atmosphere for the whole poem with the help of scenery. The two diametrically opposite images of "national destruction" and "urban spring" coexist, forming a strong contrast. "Spring in the city" refers to the season of lush flowers and trees and bright smoke in spring. However, due to the "destruction of the country", the decline of the nation and the fall of all countries, the glory of spring has disappeared, leaving only ruins and only "deep planting". The word "deeply planted" has a profound meaning, which means that Chang 'an City is not neat and orderly, but barren and dilapidated, sparsely populated and mixed with vegetation. Here, the poet sees that things are sad and shows a strong sadness of separation.
"Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sorrows." Flowers shed tears mercilessly, birds are frightened without hatred, and flowers and birds have grievances because of people. Flowers in spring are originally beautiful and fragrant; Birds in spring should cheer and sing euphemistic songs to make people happy. Whether it is "feeling for time" or "hating farewell", it embodies Du Fu's misery. The meaning of these two sentences can be understood as follows: I feel the frustration of the current situation and see the flowers bloom and fall; I feel depressed and resentful, and I feel scared when I hear birds singing. People's inner pain, when encountering happy scenes, will cause more pain, just like "I'm going camping, willow yiyi;" Today, I think, this is how it rains. Du Fu inherited this artistic technique of expressing sadness with musical scenes, and endowed it with deeper feelings, and obtained stronger artistic effects. The poet felt the pain of national destruction and death. The more beautiful the scene, the more it will increase his inner pain. This kind of association creates feelings and empathizes with things through the description of scenery. It shows the poet's deep feelings of worrying about the country and the people and missing his family.
"After three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold." The poet thought: The war has been going on for a spring and it is still not over. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was forced to flee to Shu, and Tang Suzong just succeeded to the throne. However, loyalists have not yet achieved a favorable situation and failed to recover Xijing. It seems that the war will last for a long time. I still remember that I was captured and locked up in the enemy camp. I haven't heard from my wife and children for a long time. Their lives are uncertain, and I don't know what happened. If only I could get a letter from home. "A letter from home is worth a ton of gold" contains a lot of bitterness and expectation, which reflects the poet's urgent mood in the case of news isolation and long-awaited situation. War is the real reason why a letter from home is better than "10 thousand yuan", which is also the common psychology of all people in war-stricken countries. It reflects the good wishes of the broad masses of people against war and looking forward to peace and stability, and naturally resonates with people.
"I stroked my white hair. It has become so thin that it can no longer hold hairpins. "When the war lasts for several months, the family will not believe it, and the worries of the country and the family will come to mind, and the internal and external troubles will be entangled. I have a miserable scene in front of me and I am extremely anxious. At this moment, I don't feel bored, scratch my head, hesitate, and my hair turns white. After leaving home, I have been wandering in the war and trapped in Chang' an for several months. I have less hair. I scratch my hair with my hands, and I feel that my hair is scarce and my eyes are short-sighted. I can't even get my hair in. The poet wrote about his own experience of getting old because of the destruction of the country and the division of the war. "White hair" comes from troubles, and "scratching" is because I want to relieve troubles. Hair is white and thin. From the change of hair, readers feel the poet's inner pain and sadness, and readers can better understand the poet's true image of worrying about the country and home when he is injured. This is a touching, complete and full artistic image.
This poem is a blend of scenes, deep feelings, implicit and concise, which fully embodies the artistic style of "depression and frustration". This poem has a compact structure and revolves around the word "Wang". The first four sentences are lyrical by borrowing scenery and scenery. The poet's sigh and anger, in the cross-transformation of feelings and scenery, have been conveyed implicitly from climbing to overlooking, from far and near, from weak feelings to strong feelings. From the beginning, I described the bleak scenery of Beijing, to the tears when I saw the spring flowers and the resentment when I listened to the birds singing; Then I wrote that the war lasted so long that there was no news at home. Finally, I wrote my own sadness and aging, interwoven and progressive, creating a realm that can arouse people's resonance and deep thought. It shows the typical feelings under the background of typical times, reflects the good wishes of contemporary people to love the country and yearn for peace, and expresses everyone's unanimous inner voice. It also shows the poet's noble feelings of worrying about the country and the people and being sad at times.