This idiom comes from On Qin written by Jia Yi in the Western Han Dynasty. This is a story about the peasant uprising led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu at the end of Qin Dynasty.
In July 209 BC, Yangcheng (now southeast of Dengfeng, Henan) local officials sent two officers and 900 poor people to guard the border in Yuyang (now Miyun County, Beijing). The two officers also chose two able-bodied men from among the able-bodied men to be the captains of chariots, and put them in charge of the rest of the able-bodied men. One of the two captains is Chen Sheng, a farm worker. The other is the poor peasants' guangwu. They didn't know each other before, but now they meet and share a common destiny, which soon makes them good friends.
Chen Sheng, Guangwu and his party were desperate to get to the north, and did not dare to delay. Because according to the decree of the Qin dynasty, if you miss the date, you will be beheaded. However, they had just walked for a few days when they arrived in osawa Township (now southwest of Su County, Anhui Province). It rained heavily, so they had to put up their tents until it cleared up. It just keeps raining, and the date is delayed. Chen Sheng discussed with Guangwu: "Even if you leave, you will die if you miss the date." Running away and being caught by the government is also death. It's a death anyway. Let's rebel together, overthrow Qin Ershi and kill the people. "
Guangwu is also a man of insight. He agreed with Chen Sheng and called on the whole world to attack Qin Ershi through the titles of Fu Su, the prince killed by Qin Ershi, and Xiang Yan, the former general of Chu who won the support of the masses.
So Chen Sheng and Guangwu took several confidants, hacked two policemen to death first, and then held their heads up to explain to everyone that if they rebelled, they would die in vain. These hundreds of people suddenly expressed their willingness to give their lives to work with Bobby Chen and Guangwu. Everyone took chopping down trees as a weapon, held high bamboo poles as a banner, and swore to heaven that Qi Xin would work together to overthrow Qin Ershi and avenge Xiang Yan, the general of Chu. Everyone also elected Chen Sheng and Guangwu as leaders and occupied osawa Township in one fell swoop. As soon as the farmers in osawa heard that Bobby Chen and Guangwu had rebelled against the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty, the young children came to the camp to join the army with hoes, harrows, poles and sticks.
People simplify the phrase "cutting firewood for soldiers and raising the banner" to the idiom "raising the banner", which means holding high the banner of righteousness and rising up against it. More generally refers to the people's uprising.
Call a deer a horse
"Calling a deer a horse" comes from a historical story. After the death of Qin Shihuang, Zhao Gao and Li Si were dictatorial. In order to keep their power, they forged the "imperial edict", which made Fu Su, the eldest son of Qin Shihuang who should have inherited the throne, commit suicide, and controlled Hu Hai, the second son of Qin Wang, to become Qin Ershi. Zhao Gao became the prime minister of higher vocational education, trying to overthrow Hu Hai and usurp the imperial power. Zhao Gao is cunning and insidious. He knew that he came from a humble background and all the ministers refused to obey him. In order to test the attitude of officials from all walks of life to him, one day, Zhao Gao pulled a deer and said to Hu Hai in front of all the ministers, "Your Majesty, take this good horse that I have worked so hard to find!" Hu Hai said with a smile, "Is the Prime Minister mistaken? You brought a deer. Wow, where is the good horse? " Zhao Gao ignored the emperor's words, but carefully observed the reactions of people around him. Some people echoed with Zhao Gao, while others told the truth that it was a deer rather than a horse.
As a result, those who told the truth were all killed by Zhao Gao's design. Since then, the idiom "refer to a deer as a horse" has been forgotten.
cut off all means of retreat
At the end of the Qin dynasty, the people of the whole country held an uprising against the tyrannical rule of the Qin dynasty. The most famous leaders of peasant uprising army are Chen Sheng and Guangwu, followed by Xiang Yu and Liu Bang. Next, tell a story about Xiang Yu's cross the rubicon.
One year, 300,000 troops of the State of Qin surrounded the Julu (now Pingxiang County, Hebei Province) of the State of Zhao (not the original State of Zhao), and the King of Zhao asked Chu Huaiwang (not the original King of Chu) for help overnight. Chu Huaiwang was appointed as the general and Xiang Yu as the lieutenant, and led 200,000 troops to save Zhao. Who knows that Yi Song heard that Qin Jun was very powerful, so he stopped halfway and stopped moving forward. When there was no food in the army, the soldiers cooked vegetables and beans for dinner, and he didn't care. He just throws his own party and eats and drinks. This can make Xiang Yu angry. He killed, became a "fake general" and led troops to save Zhao.
Xiang Yu sent his troops first, cutting off the road of grain transportation in Qin Jun; He personally led the main force across the Zhanghe River to rescue the giant deer.
After all the Chu troops crossed the Zhanghe River, Xiang Yu gave the soldiers a full meal, each with three days' dry food. Then he ordered: the boat crossing the river (called the boat in ancient times) was sunk into the river, the frying pan (called the kettle in ancient times) was smashed into pieces, and the nearby houses were set on fire. It's called cross the rubicon. Xiang Yu used this method to show his determination to make progress and win.
The soldiers of the Chu army saw that the coach was so determined that no one was going to go back alive again. Under the personal command of Xiang Yu, they fought a life-and-death battle with Qin Jun. After nine consecutive charges, Qin Jun was defeated. Some leaders of Qin Jun were killed, some were captured and some surrendered. This battle not only solved the siege of Julu, but also beat Qin Jun out of the water. Two years later, the Qin Dynasty perished.
After that, Xiang Yu became a real general, and many other armies were under his command, and his reputation spread all over the world.
4 Chu River Han boundary
From the Chu-Han War. The "Chu River Han Boundary" was located at the elevation of Xingyang (Zhengzhou) in ancient times. It is bordered by the Yellow River in the north, Mangshan Mountain in the west, Plain in the east and Songshan Mountain in the south. It is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties. In 203 BC, Liu Bang sent troops to attack Chu, and Xiang Yu was short of food and soldiers, so he was forced to put forward the requirement of "dividing the world, cutting the gap for Han in the west and Chu in the east". Since then, there has been a statement from the Chu and Jianghan circles. There are still two ancient city ruins in Guangwu Mountain of Xingyang, one in the west is called Hanwang City, and the other in the east is called Bawang City, which is said to have been built by Liu Bang and Xiang Yu. Between the two cities, there is a big ditch about 300 meters wide. This is what people usually call the gap, and it is also the basis for marking the boundary river on the chessboard.
5 farewell my concubine
In the battle between Chu and Han, many governors rebelled against Chu and returned to Han. Hanwang listened to the counsel of Sean and others, and joined the governors to attack Chu. At that time, An Lushan, the king of Chu, serenaded and ran out of food, and was surrounded by the Hanwang army. Xiang Yu, the overlord, couldn't sleep at night, and suddenly he heard the bell under siege at the same time. It turned out that this was Sean's trick. Knowing that Xiang Yu was from Chu, he ordered the Han army to sing Chu songs to shake the morale of the Chu army. Xiang Yu was shocked and sighed, "Did Hanwang get the land of Chu? Why are there so many Chu people in his army? " So I got up and drank in the tent. Overlord has a favorite concubine, Yu Ji, and a beautiful horse. This is a generous and sad song. He sang, "If you pull out the mountain, you will be angry all over the world, and you will not die when it is unfavorable. Nothing can be done until you die. What can you do? " Yu Ji dances to this song. Overlord saw this situation, knowing that he was going to lose, and cried for several lines. Seeing that my farewell my concubine is crying, I dare not look up.
Liuzhuang Sword, which means Pei Gong.
When Liu Bang and Xiang Yu overthrew the dark and cruel Qin Dynasty together, everyone in the world was willing to work for him because of his bravery. At this time, Xiang Yu's strength is very strong, while Liu Bang's strength is very weak. At this time, Liu Bang was fighting with Xiang Yu, as if touching a stone with an egg. Liu bang was very afraid.
So Xiang Yu himself named himself the overlord of Chu and Liu Bang as Hanwang. At that time, Fan Zeng, Xiang Yu's most effective staff, knew that Liu Bang must be Xiang Yu's worst opponent in the future, so he advised Xiang Yu to invite Liu Bang to dinner in a place called Hong Men in Shaanxi today, hoping to seize the opportunity to get rid of Liu Bang and establish the Chu Dynasty. Fan Zeng arranged a sword dance program at the banquet, which was performed by Xiang Zhuang, a relative of Xiang Yu. His martial arts was very good. In fact, he wanted to take the opportunity to stab Liu Bang (some aliases of Liu Bang are Pei Gong).
But after another relative of Xiang Yu knew the news, he immediately told Liu Bang the secret and put in a good word for Liu Bang in front of Xiang Yu. Liu Bang came to dinner the next day. He was very obedient in front of Xiang Yu and seemed to respect Xiang Yu. As a result, Xiang Zhuang was soft-hearted and didn't kill Liu Bang while eating. Later, Liu Bang became more and more powerful, and finally Xiang Yu committed suicide in Wujiang River.
Therefore, there is a saying in the idiom: Xiang Zhuang dances sword, which means that Xiang Zhuang's real purpose is to assassinate Liu Bang, not to perform fencing.
Seven chapters on the law
In 206 BC, Liu Bang led a great army into Guanzhong, and reached the dam only a few tens of miles away from Xianyang, Qin Dou. Zi Ying surrendered to Liu Bang after only 46 days as the king of Qin. After Liu Bang entered Xianyang, he wanted to live in a luxurious palace, but his heart Fan Kuai and Sean warned him not to do so, lest he lose the hearts of the people. Liu bang accepted their suggestion and ordered the palace to be closed, leaving several soldiers to protect the palace and the warehouse with a lot of treasures, and then returned to the army. In order to win the hearts of the people, Liu Bangguan summoned the elders and heroes of all counties and solemnly announced to them: "Qin's harsh laws have harmed many people and should be completely abolished. Now I agree with you. No matter who you are, you must abide by three laws. These three rules are: the murderer should be put to death, the injured should make amends, and the thief should be convicted! " Both elders and heroes expressed their support for the three chapters of the contract. Then, Liu Bang sent a large number of troops to various counties and townships to publicize the three chapters of the contract. Hearing this, the people enthusiastically took cattle, sheep, wine and grain to support Liu Bang's army. Due to the firm implementation of the three chapters of the Covenant, Liu Bang won the trust, support and support of the people, and finally won the world and established the Western Han Dynasty.
Embattled
Xiang Yu and Liu Bang originally agreed to take the east and west of the gorge (in present-day Rongxian County, Jia Luhe) as the boundary, and they did not invade each other. Later, Liu Bang followed the advice of Sean and Chen Ping, and thought that Xiang Yu should be destroyed when he was weak. Then he chased Xiang Yu's army with Han Xin, Peng Yue and Liu Jia, and chased Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) eastward. Finally, several layers of troops were arranged to tightly surround Xiang Yu (in the southeast of Lingbi County, Anhui Province). At this time, Xiang Yu's soldiers were few and there was no food. In the evening, he was very surprised to hear the troops around him singing Chu folk songs and said, "Is Liu Bang banned? Why are there so many Chu people in his army? " After talking, I lost my fighting spirit, so I got out of bed and drank in the camp. Sing with his favorite concubine Yu Ji. After singing, I cried, and everyone around me was very sad, and they all felt that they could not lift their heads. After a while, Xiang Yu got on his horse and escaped from the south with only 800 cavalry. Run away and fight, commit suicide by Wujiang River.
Because there is a story in this story that Xiang Yu was surprised to hear the songs of Chu songs around him, and then failed to commit suicide, people later used "besieged on all sides" to describe the personnel environment where people were attacked or persecuted from all directions, resulting in an embarrassing situation of isolation and helplessness.
The word 9 is precious and hoarded.
At the end of the Warring States period, Lv Buwei, a big businessman, made the biggest speculative business in Chinese and foreign history. He did not hesitate to spend huge sums of money to establish an alien as the king of Qin. Makes when the king of Qin, in order to repay the kindness of Lv Buwei, named Lv Buwei as prime minister. From a businessman, he became a prominent figure under one person and above ten thousand people, and became the authority to advance and retreat. The officials of the DPRK and China said nothing, but they were unconvinced. Lv Buwei also knows that his political expectations are so superficial that people may talk privately. He thinks that improving his reputation is the best way to convince people. But how can we improve quickly? He can't think of any good way at the moment. Lv Buwei was very worried about it, and he called on the public to discuss it.
Some public figures suggested that Lv Buwei should go to war with all his troops, wipe out several countries and make great achievements to build his prestige. Someone immediately objected: "This method is harmful to everyone. Even if you win the battle, you won't be promoted when you come back, because there is no higher position than the prime minister. The important thing is that the risk of war is high, and no one can win. If the war fails, the result will be counterproductive. "
Someone said, "We know that Confucius has a good reputation because he wrote a book called Spring and Autumn Annals. Sun Wu became a general of the State of Wu because the King of Wu read the Art of War first. Why can't we write a book that is famous in the contemporary era and sets an example for future generations? "
Lv Buwei thought this method was very good, and ordered the public to organize people to write it immediately. Lv Buwei had 3,000 followers at that time, and soon wrote 26 volumes 160 articles entitled "Lv Chunqiu". After writing, Lv Buwei ordered the full text to be copied and posted on the gate of Xianyang, and issued a notice: "Whoever can add or subtract one, or even change one, will be rewarded with 1,200 gold." The notice has been posted for a long time, and people are afraid of Lv Buwei's power, and no one comes to ask for it. So the story of "a word is worth a thousand dollars" has been passed down to this day.
10 burning books to pit Confucianism
Burning books to bury Confucianism was an event of Qin Shihuang burning books to bury Confucianism in 2 13 BC and 2 12 BC.
1 1 Taishan meditation
In the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), that is, the third year after the unification of the six countries, the first emperor toured the counties in the east, and gathered more than 70 Confucian scholars and doctors, including Qi and Lu, at the foot of Mount Tai to discuss the retreat ceremony, in order to show his destiny to become an emperor. Confucian scholars have different opinions and it is difficult to implement them. So he retired all the Confucian scholars, borrowed the original ceremony of Qin to offer sacrifices to the gods, sealed Mount Tai and Zen Fu Liang, and carved stones to praise Qin De.
12 Xu Fu went to sea
Qin Shihuang Xu Fu sent him out to sea to collect fairy medicine and never came back. It is said that he immigrated to Japan.
In the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), Xu wrote: There are three fairy mountains in the sea, Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou, where immortals live. So Qin Shihuang sent Xu Shiling to lead thousands of boys and girls, as well as three years of food, clothing, shoes, socks, medicines and farm tools to seek immortality in the sea, which cost a lot of money. However, Xu led many people to the sea for several years and did not find the holy mountain. In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang traveled eastward to Langlang, and Xu asked for more shooters to deal with sharks on the pretext that he was blocked by huge sharks after going out to sea. Qin Shihuang agreed and sent a shooter to shoot a big fish. Chui fook led the sea again.
13 Montaigne invented the writing brush.
In 223 BC, Meng Tian, the general of the State of Qin, led his troops to fight against Chu in Zhongshan. The two sides fought fiercely and the war was protracted. In order to let the king of Qin know the situation on the battlefield in time, Meng Tian should write the situation report regularly and deliver it to the king of Qin. At that time, people usually dipped bamboo slips in ink and then wrote on silk, which was very slow. Although Meng Tian is a military commander, he is full of literary talent. Writing the battle report with the pen mentioned above often affects his thoughts. That pen is hard and hard. If you can't write a few words, you have to stop and dip. If you dip too much ink, it will drip straight down and stain very expensive silk. Meng Tianqian had the idea of changing the pen, and this time he wanted to write a lot of situation reports, and this desire became stronger and stronger. After repeated experiments, the writing brush was finally invented.
14 burning books to pit Confucianism
Burning books and burying Confucianism occurred in the Qin Dynasty in ancient China. In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang (2 13 BC), Dr. Qi Chun Yu Yue opposed the "county system" implemented at that time and demanded that children be enfeoffed according to the ancient system. Li Si, the prime minister, refuted it, arguing that people should not learn from private studies and slander state affairs. Qin Shihuang adopted Reese's suggestion, ordered the burning of historical records of other countries except Ji Qin, and also handed over and burned poems and books that did not belong to the doctor's museum within a time limit; Some people dare to talk about "poetry" and "book" executions and use the past to exterminate the nation; Private schools are forbidden, and those who want to study law should take officials as teachers. This is "burning books".
In the second year, two warlocks (Shu, a child's vacation, and a storyteller, who was taken from Can't Say, that is, Confucian scholars, see Liu Xiang's Shuo Yuan, Trapping Confucian scholars and Deming's Classic Interpretation: Speaking is also a skill), Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng secretly slandered Qin Shihuang and died. When Qin Shihuang learned about this, he was furious and sent an imperial envoy to investigate. After the trial, more than 460 people violated the ban and were all killed. This is "cheating Confucianism". The two things add up to "burning books and burying Confucianism."
15 Meng jiangnu:
According to legend, a family named Meng planted a kind of melon in the Qin Dynasty, and the seedlings climbed up the wall to the Chiang family to bear fruit.
. When a melon is ripe, a melon scores two houses! When I opened it, I found a white and fat little girl in it, so I named her Meng Jiangnv. Meng Jiangnv has grown up and is an old villager in Fiona Fang. Everyone knows that she is a kind, lively, intelligent girl who can play the piano, write poems and articles. The old couple regarded her as the apple of their eye.
At this time, Qin Shihuang began to catch her husband everywhere to build the Great Wall. There was a boy named Wan Xiliang, who was a scholar. He was frightened and ran away from home. He was thirsty from running. He just wanted to have a rest and find some water to drink when he heard a group of people shouting horses and running around. So people are being arrested here! He didn't have time to run, so he jumped over a nearby wall. It turns out that this wall is the back garden of the Meng family. This kung fu just happened to catch up with Meng Jiangnv and go out to the garden with the girl. Meng Jiangnu suddenly saw a person hiding under the towel gourd rack. As soon as she shouted to the maid, Wan Xiliang quickly got off the bus and bowed: "Miss, miss, don't shout, don't shout, I am a refugee, please save my life!"
Seeing that Wan Xiliang was a white-faced scholar and handsome, Meng Jiangnv and the maid went back to report to Mr. W. In the back garden, the veteran questioned Wan Xiliang's hometown, surname and why he jumped over the wall and was admitted to the hospital. Wan Xiliang gave a detailed oral answer. Seeing his honesty, he promised to hide him at home for the time being. Wan Xiliang hid in Meng's house for a few days. Seeing his good looks and generous manners, the old couple discussed recruiting him as a son-in-law. My daughter agreed as soon as I discussed it with her. Mention to Wan Xiliang that Wan Gongzi is willing, and this marriage is settled.
At that time, the soldiers were in chaos, and the husbands of the people caught it at both ends, and caught it at both ends every three days. No one always leaves marriage. As soon as the old couple discussed it, they chose an auspicious day and invited relatives and friends. Two tables were set, and after a happy day, they got married. As the saying goes: "people have misfortune and misfortune, and the weather is unpredictable." Less than three days after the couple got married, suddenly a group of officers came, and they took Wan Gongzi away without permission!
This trip is obviously the opposite. Meng Jiangnv cries all day. Hope! But I have been eagerly looking forward to it for a year. Not only did people not expect it, but no news came. Meng Jiangnv was really worried, so she spent several nights making warm clothes for her husband and went to the Great Wall to find her husband herself. Seeing her stubbornness, her parents couldn't stop her and agreed. Meng Jiangnv packed her bags, bid farewell to her parents and embarked on a journey. Meng jiangnu went all the way to the north and waded through mountains and rivers.
Meng Jiangnu packed her luggage, bid farewell to her parents and embarked on a journey to find her husband. Hungry, bite the cold cake; If you are thirsty, drink some cold water; Tired, sit by the road and have a rest. One day, she asked an old man with white hair who was firewood, "How far is it from here to the Great Wall?" The old uncle said, "Youzhou is far away, and the Great Wall is still in the north of Youzhou." Meng Jiangnv thought to herself, "Even if the Great Wall is far away, I will go to the end of the world to find my husband!" " "
Meng Jiangnv is walking in the wind and rain. One day, she came to a place in the middle of nowhere. It was dark and people were exhausted, so she ran to the ruined temple. The ruined temple is quite big, with only weeds half a person deep and grinning idols. She is a lonely young woman, scared to death. But she also forgot these things and found a corner to sleep. In the evening, she dreamed that she and her husband were studying at their desks. Suddenly, she heard a knock at the door, thinking that a group of arresting policemen had broken in. She woke up with a start. It turned out that the doors and windows of the ruined temple were jingling by the wind. She sighed and saw that it was about to dawn, so she picked up the parcel and set off again.
One day, she was exhausted and cold after walking. She was about to have a rest when she suddenly fainted. When she woke up, she realized that she was lying on the hot kang in her hometown. The landlady rolled soup for her and made brown sugar Jiang Shui. She is very grateful. She sweated a little and felt a little light, so she struggled to get up and continue on her way. The landlady pulled her with tears and said, "Your eldest sister-in-law, I know you are anxious to find a husband, but you are as hot as coals. Can I have the heart to let you go? " Your sister-in-law, look at your feet again. It's all bloody lumps. They are still feet! "Meng Jiangnu looked at her feet, but there was no blood in her heart. She stayed at the boss's mother's house for another two days, and then she got sick and started again. The old lady cried and read, "What a good daughter-in-law! God, please be kind and let the couples in the world reunite! "Meng Jiangnu finally arrived at the place where the Great Wall was built. She questioned the migrant workers who built the Great Wall: Do you know where Wan Xiliang is? Ask others and they say they don't know. Ask another question, and people shake their heads. She doesn't know how many people she asked. Only then did I know about the migrant workers who built the Great Wall in the neighboring village. The migrant workers in the neighboring village enthusiastically led her to find the migrant workers who built the Great Wall with Wan Xiliang.
Meng Jiangnv asked, "Brothers, did you and Wan Xiliang build the Great Wall together?"
Everyone said, "Yes!"
"Where is Wan Xiliang?" Guys, look at me. I'll look at you. No one said a word with tears in his eyes. When Meng Jiangnv saw this scene, she snorted and her hair was twisted. Staring at her eyes, she asked eagerly, "Where is my husband Wan Xiliang?" Seeing that they couldn't hide it, everyone said hesitantly, "Wan Xiliang starved to death last month!"
"Where is the body?"
Everyone said, "There are too many dead people to bury, and the supervisor asked people to fill them in the Great Wall!" " "
Everyone's voice did not fall, and Meng Jiangnv clapped her hands and cried on the Great Wall. She cried, cried. Thousands of migrant workers who only cry and don't make trouble bow their heads and shed tears. They only cried until the sun and the moon were dark and it was dark. They only cried bitterly in the autumn wind. I was crying when there was a loud noise, and the Great Wall collapsed like the sky was falling, revealing piles of human bones. So many bones, which one is her husband? She suddenly remembered the story told by her mother when she was a child: the bones of relatives can penetrate into their blood. She bit her middle finger, bleeding to recognize the body. She carefully identified the tattered buttons and recognized her husband's bones. Miss Jiang in the jar kept her husband's bones and cried her eyes out.
16 Jing ke stabbed Qin Wang;
Wang Jian, the general of Qin State, defeated Zhao State, captured Zhao Wang, occupied all the land of Zhao State, and sent troops to the north to occupy the land until the southern border of Yan State.
Taizi Dan was so scared that he asked Jing Ke to assassinate the king of Qin.
On the waterfront, everyone saw Jing Ke off, and the scene was very tragic. "The wind blows and the water cools, and the strong men are gone forever", which is a poem sung by Jing Ke when he left.
In 227 BC, Jing Ke came to the palace of Qin with the map of Yan Du Kang and Fan's head.
Jing Ke is holding a box with Fan Yuqi's head on it, and Qin Wuyang is holding a box with a map on it, arranged in order. On the steps in front of the temple, Qin Wuyang turned pale with fear. Jing Ke smiled and went forward to apologize to the King of Qin for him, saying, "The common people in the north have never seen the son of heaven, so they are a little scared. I hope the king can forgive him a little and let him complete his immediate mission. " The king of Qin said to Jing Ke, "Get up and bring me the map of Qin Wuyang."
Jing Ke took the map and held it, then opened it. When the map was completely unfolded, the dagger was exposed. Jing Ke took the opportunity to stab the king of Qin's sleeve and stabbed him with a dagger in his right hand. The king of Qin missed it and was very surprised. He shrugged, stood up and broke his sleeve. Draw a sword, but the sword is too long, so I pick up the scabbard. It was very critical at that time, and the sword was too tight to be pulled out.
Jing Ke followed the king of Qin, who ran around the pillar. The ministers reminded him: "Your Majesty's sword is on his back! Legend of king is on his back! " So the king of Qin drew his sword and stabbed Jing Ke, cutting off Jing Ke's left thigh. Jing Ke was crippled and fell to the ground. He raised his dagger and threw it at the king of Qin. He missed and hit the post. The king of Qin cut Jing Ke again, and Jing Ke was wounded by eight swords.
The king of Qin left and right ministers to behead Jing Ke. The king of Qin was stunned for a long time.
17 books and literary works
Since the Shang Dynasty, writing has gradually become popular. As an official language, bronze inscriptions are relatively consistent in form. However, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were regional differences in folk characters, such as weapons, Wen Tao, silk books and bamboo slips. This situation has hindered the economic and cultural exchanges between different places, and also affected the effective implementation of policies and decrees of the central government. So, after Qin unified the Central Plains, Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si and others to sort out the unified characters.
On the basis of the big seal script commonly used by Qin people in the Warring States Period, Lisi absorbed the advantages of the tadpole stick figure commonly used in Qilu and other places, and created a new character with even figure and neat strokes, called "Qin Zhuan", also known as "Small seal script", as the official standard character, and abolished other variant characters. In addition, an official named Cheng Miao was detained in Yunyang for committing a crime. During his 10 years in prison, he summarized a change in font evolution at that time (later called "official change"). This move was appreciated by Qin Shihuang, so he was released, promoted to an imperial history, and ordered him to "set up a book" and develop a new font, that is, "official script." Official script broke the tradition of ancient Chinese characters, laid the foundation of regular script and improved the writing efficiency.
18 Nanping Baiyue
In 22 1 BC, after Qin Shihuang wiped out the six countries and unified the Central Plains, he set out to formulate the strategy of finding Xiongnu in the north and Baiyue in Nanping. After a series of preparations, in 2 18 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered generals Tu Youyou and Zhao Tuo to lead a 500,000-strong army and launched a war to conquer the Vietnamese in Lingnan. Qin Junbing was divided into five roads, passing through Yuechengling in the north of Guangxi, Jiuyi Mountain in the south of Hunan, Nankang and Yugan in Jiangxi, and marched into Yue State in Guangdong and Guangxi today. Among them, Qin Jun, which captured Panyu, was the fastest. They passed through Jiuben Fortress, went down the Beijiang River, went straight to the Pearl River Delta and occupied Panyu. However, the two armies that attacked the Vietnamese in Guangxi today, because some Qin Jun officers headed by Tu Youyou adopted the policy of discriminating against the Vietnamese and pursued tyranny, caused the Vietnamese to resist in an all-round way. Because Vietnamese are familiar with the terrain and good at climbing mountains and wading, they attack Qin Jun at night, which makes Qin Jun miserable. Once the Vietnamese won, Qin Jun's grain route was cut off and supplies were insufficient, and Tu Youyou, one of the commanders, was also killed. Due to lack of food, the Commander-in-Chief was killed, Qin Jun suffered hundreds of thousands of casualties, and the war fell into a confrontational stage, which lasted for three years.
In order to reverse the shortage of troops and the difficult supply of grain and grass, in 2 17 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered Yu Shilu, a military supervisor, to dig a Lingqu connecting Hunan and Lishui in Xing 'an, Guangxi. As the total length of Lingqu is only 34 kilometers, the engineering quantity is not large, and Qin Jun was completed soon. Lingqu connects the Xiangjiang River and the Pearl River system, and Qin Jun's wages can be continuously transported to Lingnan, providing a reliable material guarantee for Qin Shihuang to complete the great cause of Lingnan reunification.
In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo to attack Baiyue tribe again. Qin Jun was on a roll, and soon defeated the resistance of Xi 'ou people in Guangxi and Luoyue people in central and northern Vietnam, and the whole Lingnan area was incorporated into the territory of the Qin Dynasty.
19 dune-the death of Qin Shihuang
In 2 18 BC, Qin Shihuang was assassinated while touring the east, and an auxiliary car behind him was smashed to pieces by the assassin with a heavy hammer. Subsequently, the meteorite engraved with "the first emperor died and divided the land" and the "immortal" with the words "Zulong died this year" were discovered. Qin Shihuang was superstitious, which made him feel uneasy. In order to take refuge from disasters and find the elixir of life, Qin Shihuang listened to the fortune teller's advice and prepared for the fifth cruise. However, due to fatigue all the way, Qin Shihuang fell ill when he arrived in the plain of Tianjin (now near the Shandong Plain). Zhao Gao was ordered to write a suicide note to Fu Su, the eldest son of Qin Shihuang who was ordered to supervise the army Hetao: "I will be buried with Xianyang." Before the letter was sent, Qin Shihuang died in Dune Palace (now near Guangzong, Xingtai City, Hebei Province).
After the death of Qin Shihuang, Zhao Gao threatened Reese by persuading Hu Hai. After some intrigue, the three men issued letters by impersonating Qin Shihuang, and Hu Hai succeeded to the throne. At the same time, in the name of Qin Shihuang, Fu Su was accused of being unfilial to his son, and Meng Tian was unfaithful to the minister, telling them to commit suicide and not to disobey. After getting the exact news of Fu Su's suicide, Hu Hai, Zhao Gao and Reese ordered the motorcade to travel day and night and quickly return to Xianyang. In order to continue to deceive the subjects, the team did not dare to take shortcuts back to Xianyang, but assumed the posture of continuing to patrol and detoured back to Xianyang. Due to the high temperature in summer, Qin Shihuang's body has rotted and stinked. In order to hide people's eyes and ears, Hu Hai and his party bought many fish and put them in the car to confuse everyone. After arriving in Xianyang, Hu Hai succeeded to the throne for Qin Ershi.
Chapter 20 About Law
After Liu Bang entered Xianyang, his subordinates saw the treasures in Qin Gong, dazzling and drooling. When you are surprised, you will fight for it unscrupulously and make a scene. Xianyang city was in chaos at that time. Pei Gong, who has always been good at wine and color, swaggered into Qin Gong as a conqueror. Faced with countless curtains, pearls and jade treasures and thousands of harem beauties, he couldn't help but greedily want to stop at the palace and experience the taste of being the king of Guanzhong. Fortunately, there are still sober people among Liu Bang's generals, constantly reminding him. Under the hard persuasion of Fan Kuai and Sean, Liu Bang woke up, sealed the treasure of the Qin Dynasty and returned to the army.
After Liu Bang regained military hegemony, he summoned heroes from all counties and issued a notice to them: the elders have suffered from severe punishment and harsh laws for a long time, and the slanderers and even the speakers have abandoned the market. I made an appointment with a vassal, and the first one to go in was Wang, and I was the king of Guanzhong. Make a pact with elders in three chapters: murder, wounding and theft. I learned how to get rid of Qin. All officials and people are blocked as before. I am here to help my elders, and I am not afraid of violence!
This exhortation notice is the famous three chapters in history. There are three points worthy of attention in the three chapters of Liu Bang's Covenant: First, it marks Liu Bang's transformation from a peasant uprising leader to a representative of the landlord class. In the process of peasant uprising at the end of Qin dynasty, it is common for the county to kill its generals and the county to kill its guards, which is reasonable. Now, according to the three chapters of the contract, anyone who dares to kill the commander-in-chief like Chen Sheng and Guangwu again, chop wood into soldiers and rise up, will be put to death. Liu Bang publicly announced the agreement between Wang Huai and the vassals, and repeatedly said that he led the army to enter the customs to eliminate pests for his elders, unless he invaded and violently attacked, he was greatly favored by the Guanzhong landlord group. As a result, the Qin people were overjoyed and insisted on cattle, sheep, wine and food to provide food for the sergeant, but Liu Bang refused, saying that there was much food in the warehouse and he didn't want to waste people. In this way, people were happy again, and finally eliminated their doubts and vigilance against Liu Bang, lest Pei Gong should be the king of Qin. In this way, Liu Bang has taken the lead in the future competition with Xiang Yu for Guanzhong.