), that is, the concept and historical formulation of "appeasement policy"
1, the meaning of "appeasement policy": The word "appeasement" comes from the biography of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Zhi and Lu Xun: "Taizu Zhao Mingde, Ji, obeyed the king's orders and appeased the four sides." Its meaning is roughly: "pacify and pacify, achieve harmony." The appeasement policy in the modern sense refers to the aggressor in international relations. It is manifested in the diplomatic concept of harming others and appeasing traitors and its policy implementation.
2. The historical origin of the concept of "appeasement policy": it first appeared in the treaties and statements signed by Britain and France in the 1920s and 1930s. As a kind of "self-presupposition" and "self-confirmation", political praise appears in political and diplomatic strategies and activities. During this period, facing the predatory aggression and expansion of Germany, Italy and Japan fascists, Britain and France and other countries pursued the policy of appeasement out of the judgment of extreme national self-interest. British Prime Minister Baldwin Chamberlain is the initiator and main representative of the defeatist appeasement policy. The essence of appeasement policy has two meanings, that is, "disaster to the East" and "avoiding war and seeking peace", which have different values in different historical stages. The appeasement policy is the fundamental function of the fear of the absolute decline of the old capitalist countries before the First World War and the cowardly popular pacifist trend of thought of reaction to militarism. Under the negative influence of domestic democratic mechanism, it has a negative impact on people's pacifism. At the same time, out of hatred for different social systems and ideologies, plus the false propaganda of fascist forces and psychological pre-emptive, they tried to realize the fantasy of "killing two birds with one stone". I think the main purpose of this policy is "avoiding war and seeking peace", and it is also suspected of "bringing disaster from the east" Only in the late period of appeasement, appeasers were forced to blindly realize "bringing disaster to the East" to comfort themselves.
(B), France's "appeasement policy" of the political status and historical development stage
1, the historical origin and political position of French appeasement policy: in a strict sense, Britain is the initiator and promoter of the real appeasement policy, and it is the side of the "appeasement initiative"; France, on the other hand, is more of a follower of appeasement policy and a "passive appeasement" party. In the whole "appeasement equilibrium", Britain and France are the "appeasement implementation" parties, while Germany and Italy are the "appeasement utilization" parties. The bankruptcy of "appeasement policy" is a sign that Germany attacked Poland in 1939 and France perished in 1940. The resignation of British Prime Minister Chamberlain was a complete process in which the "appeasement equilibrium" was completely broken. The core problem of "Versailles system" and "appeasement equilibrium" is to solve the German problem. The failure of the Allies (especially Britain and France) to recognize Germany's status as a great power was an important reason for the First World War. The Treaty of Versailles signed by Britain and France adopted the method of "fighting violence with violence" when dealing with Germany. Thus deviating from the original intention of making this treaty. In the more than 20 years between the two world wars, no matter how merciful Britain and France are in dealing with the German issue, it is difficult to change the basic understanding established in Germany: war reparations imposed by the victorious countries are the root cause of poverty in Germany. More unfortunately, based on the fear of Germany and the illusion of dominating the mainland, France made a wrong judgment on the situation in Europe. It has done a lot of stupid harm to Germany. Due to the sufficient conditions of the appeasement policy brewed by the complex domestic situation and the necessary conditions of the appeasement policy imposed by Britain, France's grand strategic choice has a very narrow funnel effect and has to follow Britain's ass and be led by Britain and Germany.
2. The concrete historical expression of appeasement policy in France: According to the regulation history of 20 years before and after the two world wars, I roughly divide appeasement in France into the following four historical stages: appeasement policy opposition period, appeasement policy delivery period, appeasement policy response (implementation) period and appeasement policy fragmentation period. It is generally believed that when Germany attacked Poland, the appeasement policy was declared a complete failure. I think this division is narrow. I only saw the absolute gains made by the "appeasement and utilization" side, but did not see the relative gains lost by France as the appeasement promoter, that is, the destruction of the third country and the complete division of French society. Limited by the provisions of the article, the historical stage is briefly described as follows: (1), the period of appeasement policy opposition, from the Paris Peace Conference to the end of the Ruhr crisis (191923). During this historical period, France showed blind arrogance in its domestic and foreign policies, which was an opposition to the weak diplomacy in 16. (2) The gestation period of appeasement policy, from the plan to the assassination of Foreign Minister Bode (65438). French domestic governments change frequently. If we add the previous period, when the 17 government was in power, the left and right forces were intertwined, which seriously affected the introduction of forward-looking diplomatic strategy and provided a historical hotbed for the appeasement policy. (3) During the reactionary (implementation) period of appeasement policy, Laval compromised with Daladier and signed the Munich Agreement (199). According to the nature and degree of appeasement, I divide French appeasement into positive appeasement period (Laval cabinet period), negative appeasement period (Salo cabinet period to Bloom cabinet period) and defeatism period (small party cabinet period to Daladier cabinet period). (4) During the bankruptcy of appeasement policy, Hitler's Germany attacked Poland, and France conducted a "sit-in war" until France was defeated (1939-. This period can be divided into "sit-in war period" (1March 939 15 to1May 9, 940), "the third * * * and the national defeat period" (1May 940 10 to.
Second, the historical motivation of France's appeasement policy
(A), France's "appeasement policy" big historical motivation:
1, the historical inevitability of appeasement policy is investigated from the international, especially European system, pattern and order.
Capitalist society has developed to the stage of imperialism. In the transition from free competition to monopoly competition, the first world war did not solve the problem of interest distribution, which materialized into the Treaty of Versailles and its system and mechanism. This is the root cause. "The final version of the Treaty of Versailles is something that failed at both ends: it is neither an iron peace nor a peace of reconciliation. It is not enough to trample on the Germans forever, as France hopes. It is not enough to satisfy the conquered people with their new situation. " In the early 1920s, when the French tried to implement the Treaty of Versailles word for word, they did not get enough support from the British. After 1924, when the French turned to reconciliation, it was too late to eliminate the resentment buried deep in the hearts of Germans, because "reparations imposed on Germany" was "unfair and impossible to collect" for Germany. "The term' war crime' that tries to explain reasonable compensation fundamentally distorts the root cause of this conflict (World War I) ... The provisions on compensation show that these treaties as a whole are extremely wrong: they ignore the economic aspects of the solution and focus almost all their attention on ethnic issues and territorial issues." This makes the social Darwinism and alienated voluntarism before World War I, with the help of special national geography and Hitler.
/kloc-The three historical mainstreams of the 0/9th century-scientific socialism, national independence and bourgeois democracy-made great historical breakthroughs at the beginning of the 20th century. The core embodiment is the emergence of * * * capitalist regime, which has disrupted the situation that capitalism dominates the world, and Soviet Russia has become the first socialist country in history and the world. In this period of capitalist transformation, a series of pattern and order crises centered on the economic crisis inevitably appeared, with the Great Depression as the peak symbol. During this period, although the capitalist society has entered a mature treaty system society, due to historical reasons, there are feudal (tribute) system factors, and the unique imperialist system in Germany and Japan is the biggest feature; What monopoly capitalist society needs is the state of system (mechanism), and the United States, as a newly developed and mature imperialist country, has great demand for this concept and mechanism. The old Britain and France, faced with three kinds of new rivals, such as lost dogs, are suddenly as frightened as a bird, just holding on passively for fear of change. The emergence of the League of Nations and the development of the United Nations after World War II fully illustrate the needs of this era. The Forces nouvelles are eager to redistribute benefits. The stubborn resistance of the old owners with vested interests led to irreconcilable contradictions and the outbreak of war was inevitable. However, the old capitalist countries have been unable to wage decisive wars, because they stand on the edge of the status of superpowers and second-rate powers, and war will accelerate their decline. Its vested relative interests demand to avoid war, which is pure fantasy. Because the Hobbesian effect in anarchy will inevitably make the new forces, especially the fascist forces such as Germany and Japan, which have feudal remnants and are eager for "peak experience", not afraid of the wind, because there are extensive interests behind the risks. However, the implementation of fantasy in diplomatic practice will inevitably form an objective appeasement policy; Hitler's brinkmanship in Germany further stimulated their fear of war and subjectively promoted the thorough implementation of appeasement policy.