Speaking of the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France in European history, I wonder if you have heard of it. The Hundred Years' War between Britain and France refers to the four western European kingdoms of England, Scotland, France and Burgundy. During the years from 1337 to 1453, they fought one after another for the royal territory. In the end, France won the war, while Britain lost all its mainland territory and became an island country.
1. As early as 1066, French Normandy troops crossed the sea and invaded Anglo-Saxon-occupied England, becoming the upper ruler of Britain. This is the impact and conquest of France's advanced agricultural civilization on the underdeveloped agriculture and animal husbandry civilization of the island country Britain. More than 200 years later, Britain was exploited and oppressed by France economically and politically, which caused the dissatisfaction of Normandy conquerors, and the structural contradiction between Britain and France was inevitable.
2. The marriage between the British and French royal families triggered the controversy of succession to the throne. In fact, the hegemonic pattern of Britain and France competing to annex each other to dominate each other has not changed. Edward III, king of England, refused to recognize Philip VI, a branch of the French king, and claimed that he had the right to inherit the French king as a nephew, which was rejected by France. In fact, the internal reunification of France has not been completed, and the national strength has been unable to suppress Britain. In order to revenge and rule France, Britain launched a war of aggression against France in 1357.
3. In the early and middle period of the war, the British army won a great victory in many battles with excellent equipment such as bows and arrows, and the French people suffered more disasters. At the end of the war, the French people's nationalism was high, and their will to resist aggression and defend the country was high. Especially the appearance of Joan of Arc, a civilian heroine, and her leading role and heroic spirit of sacrifice inspired the French people to fight to the death and completely defeated the British invaders. Due to the independence of Scotland at home, Britain had to retreat and withdraw from its possession of western European territory, leaving only a small enclave. France completely recovered the enclave in 1558.
The Hundred Years' War between Britain and France was a war of unification and annexation between the major feudal kingdoms in Western Europe, and it was also a war of aggression and anti-aggression. France and Britain are aggressors successively, and France has a greater anti-aggression component in this war. It is also the unsuccessful conquest of the mainland agricultural civilization by the island farming and animal husbandry integration civilization, which shows that the mainland civilization has an innate geographical advantage over the island civilization in the era when farming is dominated by cold weapons.
The Hundred Years' War between Britain and France created two powerful feudal kingdoms, which were centralized and autocratic, and formed a distinctive and unique national character.
Although Britain was defeated in the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France, France failed to annex Britain, which shows that the unification of feudal autocracy in Europe is difficult to achieve due to geographical division and ideological and cultural diversity, including religious traditions. This balance of power and opposition between Britain and France made them more focused on the new struggle of foreign colonies and colonies.
Hundreds of years later, France continued to catch up with Britain and once became the hegemon and ruler in parts of Europe and Africa. As a maritime power, Britain first realized the brutal colonial rule over South Asia, the Middle East, North America and other places, and in the 18 and 19 centuries, it became an imperial empire, surpassing France and dominating the world.
The hundred-year war between Britain and France does not mean that it has been fought for a hundred years. In fact, this word appeared in the middle of19th century. In fact, the so-called hundred-year war has been fought off and on. In fact, if you like, you can call the war between the Han Dynasty and Xiongnu from 202 BC to 7/kloc-0 BC "China-Hungary Centennial War", but historians generally don't call it that.
On the surface, the Hundred Years' War was an open struggle between Britain and France over the succession of the French king. In fact, there are many other reasons, including fighting for feudal territory, Britain retaliating against France for supporting Scotland, Britain coveting French wealth and so on.
1, the right to inherit the throne
After the Norman Conquest, William I became king of England, and Henry, Earl of France, became king of England in 1 154. For Henry II, both William and Henry have dual identities. On the one hand, they are vassals of the French king, and on the other hand, they are kings of England, so there is a noble connection between Britain and France.
After King Edward II of England married Isabella, the daughter of Philip IV of France, it was equal to the marriage relationship between the king of England and the king of France. If the French king can give birth normally, that's nothing. The problem is that after charles vi's death, the Gaby dynasty lost its heir. In fact, most of the reasons for the demise of European dynasties were the loss of heirs.
What should I do after I die? Of course, it came from a side door, so Philip VI succeeded to the throne. This is very interesting at this time. Edward III is the grandson of Philip IV and the son of Isabella. According to the truth, he is qualified to inherit the king of France. The problem is that the French king then took the opportunity to annotate the law and announced that the French king would not pass on men to women, nor would he recognize Edward III's right of inheritance, which angered Edward III at once.
2. The question of Scotland
England and Scotland have long been at odds. Edward I of England is famous for killing Scots, and the enemy of the enemy is a friend. The French understand this truth. France provides Scotland with a subsidy of 50,000 pounds a year, on the condition that Scotland must be at war with England for four months every year. Britain hates France for this.
3. Economic war
According to Marxism, economy determines politics, and the disharmony between the two countries is likely to be an economic dispute, just like the increasingly fierce struggle between Japan and South Korea, both allies of the United States, because the industries of Japan and South Korea are increasingly overlapping and the competition is increasingly fierce.
This is the Gasconi area. When you search for "Gasconi", I will find that this place produces wine, which is rich until now. In fact, during the Hundred Years' War, Gasconi was famous for his wine. Wine production needs Mediterranean climate, which is dry when it is dry and rainy when it is warm. It's a pity that Britain has a temperate maritime climate, and the temperature difference is not big in one year, so it is doomed not to produce good wine. Therefore, a large number of British imports come from.
Gasconi is a very important European bridgehead in England. Not only is it rich in wine, but British exports, including grain, wool, fish and weapons, need to pass through Gasconi. As mentioned earlier, Gasconi is rich in wine, but it is not conducive to grain growth, so Gasconi also imports a lot of grain from England.
Besides Gasconi, there are also Flanders. Gasconi is famous for wine and Flanders is famous for textiles. England is rich in wool, and Flanders was a rich area in Europe at that time. England earns a lot of profits from wool every year from the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, and Flanders' textiles are also very popular in England. Flanders has the best wool products in Europe.
The influence of Flanders and Gasconi on England is not only a question of trade, but also a question of tariffs. Take the wool tariff in Flanders as an example:
Visible light is wool, which brings a lot of income to the British royal family, and these two fields must not be lost to the British royal family, which is also an important reason why the Hundred Years War between Britain and France has been fought for so long.