May 2 1 this year is the centenary birthday of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. If the century of Dunhuang is compared to a long poem that has been circulated for thousands of years, then its first sentence is tears. For us today, repeating that history means the survival of cultural values.
Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes were built between 364 and 366 AD. During the period of 1600, rocks were successively excavated here. There are more than 1000 grottoes at the peak, which are called Thousand Buddha Cliff and Thousand Buddha Cave. Up to now, there are still 492 caves in the compilation, including 24 15 color sculptures and more than 45,000 square meters of murals. 5 wooden eaves in Tang and Song Dynasties.
Since the Han Dynasty, Dunhuang, as an important town in western Shu, has always been a battleground for military strategists. Every time there is a military disaster, the monks who manage the Mogao grottoes have to flee once.
In the second year of Song Jingyao (1035), the Xixia rebellion spread to Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. As usual, the monk wanted to avoid disaster in other places, so he sealed the scriptures, documents, Xiu Xiang and instruments that he could not take away in a secret room of a cave, sealed it with a mud wall outside, and painted murals. However, these monks went once and never came back. There are more than 50,000 "treasures" hidden in this secret room, and they have rested quietly for seven or eight hundred years.
Wang Yuan, born in Macheng, Hubei Province, ended his military career in the late Qing Dynasty. With nothing to do, he became a Taoist and came all the way to Dunhuang. At that time, most temples in Mogao Grottoes were Buddhist lamas. Only Wang Yuan can recite Taoist scriptures in Chinese, but he has some incense and a good job. So he hired a man named Yang to help him write the scriptures. Yang likes to smoke dry cigarettes in his spare time. Ignite with Achnatherum splendens, and insert the remaining grass into the gap of the cave wall for preservation. One day, when he was planting grass, he found that the cracks in the wall in the deep valley were deep, so he knocked on the wall with the end of the long-stemmed Chinese pipe bag, feeling empty! So they quickly called the Taoist king. They broke the wall in the middle of the night and found a small door, which was sealed with mud. At this time, it was getting light. After removing the mud, a passage appeared. After entering the passage, a dark compound room with a height of 1.6 m and a width of about 2.7 m appeared. The room is filled with countless books, documents, embroidery paintings, instruments and so on. At that time, Taoist Wang knew almost nothing about the value of these cultural relics from the 5th century to 1 1 century, and the "Tibetan Sutra Cave" that shocked the world inadvertently returned to the world.
Then, a series of misfortunes happened in this prosperous land.
Although Wang Daochang doesn't know that these treasures are priceless, he knows that it is no problem to change some money. So, he took out a few volumes and gave them to the then county magistrate Wang for identification. Knowing the goods, Wang asked Taoist Wang for a batch of portraits and notebooks. Three years later, Ye of Gansu Learning Station heard about it and asked Wang to look for it. Ye has a deep understanding of antiquities and the value of Tibetan scriptures, so he suggested to the Fantai yamen in Gansu that these antiquities should be transported to the provincial capital for preservation. However, because the freight cost is five or six thousand two hundred pieces of silver, the Qing government thinks that silver is more valuable than this batch of "waste paper". It did not adopt this suggestion, but issued a decree to let the county magistrate "check the scroll portrait and still save it". The king ordered Taoist Wang to deal with this matter, and Taoist Wang immediately became a scripture keeper. The Taoist king sealed the antiquities again and became the actual owner of the antiquities.
At that time, in Xinjiang, there was a Hungarian stan sent by the British government. He visited Dunhuang on 1879. Knowing that there were treasures in the cave, he came to Dunhuang for the third time in May 1907. He was the first person in history to rob the cultural relics in the Tibetan Sutra Cave. When I came to Dunhuang, I contacted Wang Daochang through a package and learned that Wang Daochang had built a secret passage leading to death. Stan camped in the Mogao Grottoes. Finally, when he saw the Tang Priest's Picture painted by Taoist Wang on the cave wall mural, he had a plan, calling himself an Indian Buddhist and an admirer of Tang Priest. He came to Dunhuang because he was entrusted by the Indian government to recover Buddhist scriptures that no longer exist in India, and so on. This sentence actually persuaded the "shopkeeper". The next day, Road flyover Wang opened the sealed wall and Genstein entered the secret room. Stein wrote in his "Archaeology of the Western Regions": "From the dim oil lamp in the hands of Taoist priests, my eyes suddenly brightened, and the ground was densely covered with paper, about ten feet high." Among them, "a big package wrapped in colorless and tough canvas is full of ancient paintings after opening" and "the colors are harmonious and bright as new". Stein got 24 boxes full of notebooks by donating money to the temple. There are five others, carefully filled with paintings, embroidery and other artistic relics.
19 14 years later, I got five big boxes from Wang Daochang. 1930 came back, but it failed because of unanimous opposition from the academic circles in China. According to figures released by Britain, Stein has robbed more than 9,000 cultural relics.
After Stein, pelliot, a Frenchman, came here in July 1908. With his profound knowledge of Sinology, he took away more than 6,000 volumes of cultural relics more valuable than Stein.
This was followed by Koichiro Yoshikawa and Lihua Zuchuan of the Otani expedition in Japan. Russia's Odenburg also stole more than 19 14 and 19 15 cultural relics and murals from the Sutra Cave and other caves. After Warner 1924 arrived in the Mogao Grottoes, 26 exquisite Tang Dynasty murals in caves 139,14, 144 and 145 were peeled off with special tape. ...
After the news that the exquisite cultural relics of Mogao Grottoes were stolen by Stein was known by the Qing government, the Qing government ordered the remaining scrolls to be packed in two wooden barrels, sealed firmly, painted, made into a "tipping bucket" and placed in the Buddhist temple, and instructed the Taoist king to take care of it, and rewarded him with 300 taels of silver as a reward for keeping the scrolls. And these two "warp-turning barrels" are still standing in Cave 17 today, and there is nothing in the barrels. The Taoist king's intensified "private sale" almost emptied the antiquities in the Tibetan Sutra Cave. Under the repeated appeals of conscientious scholars, the Qing government was forced to order all the remaining scriptures to be shipped back to Beijing. However, more than 8,600 copies were cleared during shipment, leaving only 4,000 to 5,000 copies now kept in Beijing Library.
The scene that opened a hundred years ago is still shocking in retrospect. A huge treasure house of Chinese civilization was occupied by a fake Taoist Qu Qu, which made several generations cry. Today, the historical value and academic value of Dunhuang have become an important part of the values of world civilization. The protection of Dunhuang has attracted the attention of people all over the world and China. No one can go back a hundred years and rob thieves and drug dealers again. However, this does not mean that the history of a hundred years ago cannot be repeated today.
This history is reminding people, what does historical and cultural heritage mean to us? If there is still a blind spot in people's consciousness of historical value today, it is empty talk to respect history. Moreover, the loss of Dunhuang cultural relics a hundred years ago was inseparable from the historical conditions of social unrest at that time. The personal behavior of Taoist king showed the characteristics of that era. Today's problem may lie in another aspect, that is, the contradiction between social stability, economic development and the protection of historical and cultural heritage. If we don't look at the relationship between protection and development from the height of human spiritual wealth, we may lose the second and third Dunhuang. The third aspect concerns every citizen of the Republic today. Protecting cultural relics and safeguarding the dignity of cultural heritage is not only a unilateral matter of the state and the government, but everyone's responsibility. We should keep our eyes open and see if there are new "Taoist Wang" and "Taoist Li" around us, but first of all, we will not be "Taoist" ourselves.
Dunhuang Grottoes include Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, West Thousand Buddha Cave and Anxi Yulin Grottoes. There are more than 600 grottoes, and Dunhuang art is an art with Buddhism as its theme. There are more than 50,000 square meters of murals and nearly 3,000 colored sculptures, which are very rich in content. Dunhuang grottoes art is a multi-category art complex produced and accumulated in Dunhuang, including Dunhuang architecture, Dunhuang murals and Dunhuang colored sculptures. Dunhuang Grottoes with Mogao Grottoes as the center were listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO in 1987. As a national art treasure of our country, it has high historical and artistic value, is a rare treasure, is a national art treasure of our country, and is a pearl of human cultural heritage.
Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes is called Thousand Buddha Cave. Located on the cliff at the eastern foot of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province, it has five floors up and down and is about 1600 meters long from north to south. First excavated in 366 AD, after sixteen countries and more than ten generations in Yuan Dynasty, a large-scale and rich cave group was formed.
The architecture of Dunhuang Grottoes, especially the five-wood eaves of Tang and Song Dynasties preserved in Mogao Grottoes, are rare treasures and some ancient pagodas in Song and Yuan Dynasties. There are also many ancient architectural designs representing the times in murals, which can be said to be indispensable first-hand materials for studying the history of ancient Chinese architecture and have the value of studying history and art. Due to different times, the grotto buildings in Mogao Grottoes show different characteristics, mainly including five types: 1. Zen grottoes (that is, monk rooms). 2. Tamiao Cave (Central Cave). 3. Temple grottoes. 4. Buddhist temples and caves. 5. Giant Buddha Cave (and Nirvana Cave).
Dunhuang Grottoes Cultural Relics Protection Research and Exhibition Center faces Mogao Grottoes across the river. The main building is a two-story flat-topped building, about half of which is hidden in the ravine, and only the upper windows and wide eaves are exposed. In harmony with the environment of Mogao Grottoes.
Dunhuang murals are the main part of Dunhuang art, with huge scale, rich content and exquisite skills. More than 50,000 square meters of murals are divided into Buddhist paintings, variant paintings, traditional national myths, portraits of diners, decorative patterns, story paintings and landscape paintings.
Tian Fei in Dunhuang was bred by Indian culture, western culture and Central Plains culture, and it soared in the air mainly by flying dresses and colorful ribbons. Flying in Dunhuang is a business card of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and a symbol of Dunhuang art.
Dunhuang Grottoes, including Mogao Grottoes, West Thousand-Buddha Cave and Yulin Grottoes, are the most representative. Located in Mingsha Mountain, Dunhuang City, Gansu Province, it has five floors up and down, with a length of 1600 meters from north to south. It was built in the pre-Qin period. At present, there are 492 caves in 16 dynasties, with more than 45,000 square meters of murals, more than 24 painted sculptures, more than 4,000 flying objects, 5 wooden buildings in Tang and Song Dynasties and more than 50,000 cultural relics. Dunhuang Grottoes are a huge literary treasure house composed of architecture, paintings, documents and cultural relics. Its concentrated reflection of production and labor scenes, social life scenes, clothing system, ancient architecture modeling, music, dance, acrobatics and other pictures provided invaluable wealth for historians to study China ancient society from the 4th century to14th century. Among them, murals are the most exquisite. If the Dunhuang frescoes are arranged into a 2-meter-high picture, a 25-kilometer gallery can be formed, which gradually shows the transformation process of China painting art from green to mature. The murals in the prosperous Tang Dynasty have rich themes and magnificent scenes. Their figure proportion is moderate, plump and healthy, with noble bearing and natural and unrestrained posture. They created a large number of vibrant characters and fascinating artistic realm, which is the highest level in the field of ancient painting. Other influential caves are 96, 17, 130, 158, 259, 285, 200 and 428.
Is that enough? Be sure to see it ~ don't make me look for it in vain ~