Song Ci, whose real name is Hui Fu, was a famous doctor in Song Dynasty. His Collection of Injustice is an immortal monograph on forensic examination, which has been translated into Japanese, French, English, Dutch, German and Russian, and is regarded as the originator of forensic medicine in the world. In the ninth year of Song Chunyou (1249), Song Ci died in Guangzhou and was buried in Changmao Village, Chongtan, Jianyang. The tomb of Song Ci has been well preserved so far. His Collection of Injustice is an immortal monograph on forensic examination, which has been translated into Japanese, French, English, Dutch, German and Russian, and is regarded as the originator of forensic medicine in the world. In the ninth year of Song Chunyou (1249), Song Ci died in Guangzhou and was buried in Changmao Village, Chongtan, Jianyang. The tomb of Song Ci has been well preserved so far.
There are four articles, such as "regulations", in the volume "Relief of unjust imprisonment", which generally discusses the jurisprudence and basic methods of forensic medicine; The second volume contains "Preliminary Examination" and other articles 12, which describe the situation of various bodies and autopsy methods; Five articles, such as bone examination in three years, other things, hand and foot injuries in four years 10, and prisoners' deaths in five years, are all about the situation and causes of various casualties and the methods of corpse excavation and rescue.
Song ci has many important expositions on the importance and responsibilities of forensic doctors, especially the sense of responsibility of forensic doctors, which emphasizes that we must not be afraid of being dirty and tired, and "try again and again, and dare not be slow."
Song Ci pointed out that the working procedure of forensic doctors should be: after arriving at the scene, first ask the relevant personnel, then write down the location of the body, look around, and finally conduct an autopsy.
The identification of various casualties in Song Ci is very precise and accurate, and the distinction between suicide, homicide and death is very precise and accurate.
For example, regarding hanging the corpse, Song Ci pointed out that it is necessary to carefully observe the place of hanging the corpse, the neck of the hanged person, and the rope. Pay attention to the height of the crane, the knot of the rope, whether there is dust on it and whether the rope has moved. If it is tied by a rope after death, there is no "purple" and "blood" on the body, only "white traces".
Others, such as drowning, burning to death, self-punishment and killing, are all elaborated in detail.
At the end of the book, there are various ways to save the dead. Such as artificial respiration, detoxification of arsenic with alum protein, etc., some of which are still in use today.
The Record of Remembering Injustice is a comprehensive forensic work, which is not only a summary of the experience of Neijing and other works, but also a summary of the experience of Song Ci. It has reached a fairly systematic and superb level, marking the formal formation of ancient forensic medicine in China.
Since its publication, Yi Yuan Lu has been a guiding work of ancient forensic medicine in China until the introduction of modern western forensic medicine. In modern times, the grievance record has been translated into Dutch, French, German, Japanese, Korean, English, Russian and other languages, and has really become a pearl in the world forensic medicine treasure house!
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A brief introduction to the life of Song Ci-
Song Ci: the originator of forensic medicine
"Prison matters are more important than Dajun (death penalty), Dajun is more important than first love, and first love is more important than test." This is the prologue in the preface of the collection of injustice. The author loudly warned all judicial personnel to take their profession seriously. Because forensic examination determines a person's life and death, we must "review and review, not slow and easy." This author is Song Ci, the protagonist of the large-scale costume drama "The Great Song Dynasty" which is being broadcasted by CCTV in prime time.
This little official was born with the ambition to help the people.
Song Ci, a native of Jianyang, Fujian, was born in the 13th year of Xichun (A.D. 1 186) into a middle-ranking bureaucratic family, and was the son of Song Gong, an official in Guangzhou. When Song Ci was young, he worshipped Wu Zhi, a disciple of Zhu, and was deeply influenced by Zhu Neo-Confucianism. He also interacted with local celebrities and scholars, such as Yang Fang, Huang Gan, etc., consulted the classics, read extensively, and achieved mastery through a comprehensive study. When he entered imperial academy as a young man, history books called him "good at rhetoric, writing according to the case, and always saying a thousand words." He likes Zhuge Liang's works on weekdays and often boasts that "rule the world with great virtue, not small profits."
Song Ci entered Jinshi at the age of 3/kloc-0, and officially started his official career. At that time, the Southern Song Dynasty had gone from bad to worse, Mongolian troops invaded the south for years, and Jia Sidao and other traitors were in power. There is a saying in officialdom that it is easy to be an official, but difficult to be an official. It's easy to be an official, because he is autocratic. Unless he is close, he doesn't need it. Unless he has money, he won't take it. Be careful when you are an official. Once a crime is committed, it takes two hands to make a sound, and the property is beheaded. At that time, peasant uprisings took place in Nan 'an, Tingzhou, Shaowu and other places in Jiangxi. Song ci was loyal to the interests of the feudal ruling class and led the officers and men to suppress it. Because of the meritorious service of Pingyi army, he was appointed as Changting county magistrate.
Song Ci, aged 49 (A.D. 1235), was appointed as the administrative officer of Nanjian Prefecture. He is clever and kind, and has won the hearts of the people. When there was a famine in western Zhejiang, he went deep into the people to investigate the disaster and get to know the local tycoons. He not only evaded taxes, but also used natural disasters to hoard, to the point where "rice competes for a thousand dollars". He wrote to Li Zongmian, the prime minister, demanding the implementation of the law of "helping the poor". According to the severity of the disaster, "the analysis households are divided into five classes, the first class is half-hearted, the second class is not good, the second class is free, the second class is increased, and the next class is given, and the rice official gives it." Qian Chao adopted his suggestion, issued a decree, opened the granary of the rich, distributed it to the extremely poor farmers, and reduced or exempted land rent and taxes, so that the people passed the famine smoothly.
Four times as a senior criminal officer.
Jiaxi three years (1239), Song Ci, 53 years old, served as Guangdong prefect (in charge of criminal law prison litigation officer). Before that, the officials there did nothing, leaving a large number of prison cases. As soon as he arrived, he began to deal with a large number of unsolved cases, investigate the scene and verify the materials. Shi said that he "signed a treaty, set a timetable, studied in August, and decided to open more than 200 yuan." Song Ci handled the case seriously, enforced the law like a mountain, was not afraid of power and was decisive. After eight months of inspection, he executed a number of prisoners and clarified a number of unjust cases. A large number of doubtful cases and accumulated cases have been solved, and some grass-roots law enforcement supervisors who are corrupt and pervert the law have been severely punished. His deeds of "revenge and banning violence" won a good reputation among the people, and the masses praised him as an "honest official."
Soon, Song Ci was appointed as Jiangxi province, and he also knew Ganzhou. Every slack season, salt dealers are armed to sell salt here, harassing counties along the way in Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. Song ci was severely punished, which made the road smooth, the order stable and the people's will. This situation was reported to the court, which attached great importance to it. The action of Song Ci was approved and distributed to counties in western Zhejiang, and counties followed suit.
Since then, according to the punishment, Song Ci has carried out extensive work (inspecting the prison work in Guangxi). He worked tirelessly, didn't avoid filth, personally went deep into various places to investigate the scene, and never dared to neglect. "In the distribution department, no matter where you go, violence is forbidden. Although evil and weak, we must find traces. " On one occasion, a corpse appeared on the roadside and was cut by a sickle for more than ten places. At first, I thought it was killed by robbers, but later I checked all my clothes and became suspicious of the case. After being summoned, the wife of the deceased learned that the deceased had a dispute with a borrower before his death. He quickly sent people to order the residents near the borrower separately. "Every sickle is the end of the future, and only now will it be tested. If there is something hidden, it must be the murderer. " Residents handed in seventy or eighty sickles at once, all of which were displayed on the ground. "It's hot, there are sickles inside, and flies are flying around." That is, I found out that the sickle was made by the borrower, so I took it for interrogation and refused to accept it. The judge stood in awe, pointed to the knife and said, "There are no flies in everyone's sickle, but now the smell of your murder is still there, and the flies are still gathering." Can you hide it? " The residents present lost their voices in admiration, and the murderer finally knelt down and confessed.
Spring? During the period (A.D. 1245), Song Ci was appointed as the Hunan Army. During his tenure, he listened to the imperial court, made a decisive decision, favored the people, and authorized the powerful, so that the people in poor rural areas and deep mountain valleys knew the name of this sentence of Song, and local officials and gentry dared not do evil wherever they went. He was able to treat prison affairs with a serious attitude, seeking truth from facts and putting human life first, which was rare among feudal judges.
Compiling "the collection of injustice"
Song Ci has made great achievements in forensic medicine. He collected relevant records from predecessors' works such as Neijing and Zheguguijian, and absorbed local folk medical knowledge with his own practical experience. In A.D. 1247, he edited five volumes of Injustice Collection (now in the Rare Book Room of Peking University Library) to guide the prison inspection. The Collection of Injustice in Song Dynasty is the earliest existing monograph of systematic forensic medicine in China.
Song ci pays special attention to forensic examination and some important issues, such as violent death and non-violent death; Suicide and homicide; Injury before death and injury after death have been touched and discussed to varying degrees, most of which are valuable and many of which are in line with the principles of modern forensic medicine. If there is a scientific difference between drowning before death and pushing a body into the water after death. Anyone who drowned before his death, had sand and mud sewn on his hands, feet and claws, or was bruised, was "slightly red, with muddy water in his mouth and nose, water in his abdomen, and slightly swollen lower abdomen." "If you are killed, push it into the ditch ... your stomach will not swell, your mouth, eyes, ears, nose and water will flow out, there is no sand and mud in your fingers, your hands will not shrink, your feet will not wrinkle white, but your feet will swell. When you are ill, your marks are black. "
The collection Unfair Memories also makes an excellent exposition on hanging, strangulation and strangulation by foreign objects (all mechanical asphyxiation). For example, he said: the deceased's eyes bulged with foreign bodies, his mouth and nose bled, his face was red and black with congestion, and his stool was incontinent. Yi Yuan Ji also clearly recorded the identification of the blade before and after death, the identification of dream death and dream corpse. Song Ci wrote: "The living are killed by the knife, the flesh is tightened by the knife, and there is blood all around"; If a person is dismembered after death, "the meat is as old as ever, the blood is not full of blood stasis, the cut skin is not tight, there is no blood flow everywhere, and its color is white."
In addition, the collection "Unfair Memories" has also made many contributions to toxicology. The book records the symptoms of various poisons and the methods of testing them. It is also recorded that the blood drop method is used to identify whether it is a direct relative: "If someone is a father or a mother and has bones, how can someone recognize his biological mother?" Try to get someone to stab a little blood on his body and drop it on the bone. If it's your own, the blood will seep into the bone, otherwise it won't. "This method contains the germination of serum test, which undoubtedly provides experience for later serum test.
Do your best and have a far-reaching impact
During his official career of more than 20 years, Song Ci was honest and clean, and had no other hobbies all his life, but he loved collecting different names and gold stone carvings. In his later years, he was more modest and prudent and cherished talents. Although he is a junior, he will be promoted and recommended if he has a skill. He is old and ill, and he is careful in all his official duties. Yu Hechun? In the ninth year (AD 1249), he died in Guangzhou on March 7th at the age of 64. He was buried in Chongle Lane, Jianyang, Fujian on July 15th of the following year. Zhao Yun, the ruler of the Southern Song Dynasty, appraised him as a "minister who shared his worries at home and abroad" and presented him with a "imperial doctor".
It is very good to say that Wen Zheng Ji is a "fantastic book" in the drama "Tune in the Song Dynasty" and that it was written by Song Ciqiong with his life-long experience and painstaking efforts. Since the publication of13rd century, Questioning Prison Collection has become a necessary reference book for prison officials in past dynasties. Later works are basically based on this book to modify, annotate and supplement. Later, The Inquisition Collection spread overseas. In A.D. 1779, the French translated the book and published it in China Journal of History, Art and Science. 1863, Dutchman Dijili translated this book into Dutch and published it in Batavia. In A.D. 1908, the legal person was translated from Dutch into French and German into German. In addition, The Collection of Grievances has been translated into Korean, Japanese, English, Russian and other languages. This fully shows that the book unjust prison collection has won considerable influence and status in the history of forensic medicine in the world. Injustice Collection is the earliest monograph on forensic medicine in the world, which is 350 years earlier than similar books in the West. Therefore, Song Ci was praised by later generations as the first forensic scientist in ancient times and "the founder of world forensic medicine".