First, the function adjustment of the government's all-round role under the planned economy system (1949-1978)
At the beginning of the founding of New China, the foundation of China's defense industry was very weak. At that time, there were 162 ordnance enterprises in China, including 92 people's ordnance enterprises established in the liberated areas and 68 ordnance enterprises left over by the Kuomintang government. [1] These ordnance enterprises can only manufacture light weapons such as guns and simple maintenance of heavy equipment such as airplanes and ships, which cannot meet the needs of national defense and security in new China. The guiding ideology of the development of national defense industry in this period completely denied the role of market forces, and government intervention and adjustment became the only form of the allocation of military scientific research and production resources. The government has played an all-round role in the operation of the national defense industry and played a "one-man show" role. The government is not only the only buyer of military products in the national defense industry, but also the only investor, supervisor and regulator of the national defense industry, and even the direct operator of military enterprises. The changes of government functions in this period are mainly reflected in the changes of management institutions and the changes and adjustments of functional scope.
In order to speed up the development of new China's national defense industry, our government has fully participated in and stepped up its intervention in the development of military industry, set up a special military industry management organization, and constantly adjusted it in practice. After the founding of New China, in order to promote the development of national defense industry and civil industry, the Ministry of Heavy Industry was established in June 1949+1October19, in charge of weapons industry. 1950 the aviation industry preparatory group and the ordnance industry office were established in the Ministry of heavy industry, and the telecommunications industry bureau and the shipbuilding industry bureau were established to be responsible for organizing military production and the adjustment of military enterprises. With the outbreak of the Korean War, the importance of the national defense industry has become increasingly prominent. In order to speed up the development of the national defense industry, the central government decided to strengthen the macro management of the national defense industry. 195 1 year 65438+1October 4th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established the Ordnance Committee of the Central Military Commission. /kloc-in April of 0/7, the Aviation Industry Management Committee was established. /kloc-in April, 2009, the ordnance office of the Ministry of Heavy Industry was reorganized into the ordnance general administration, which made unified planning and coordination of ordnance production and construction throughout the country, and was led by the ordnance committee of the Central Military Commission. At the same time, in order to speed up the construction of aviation industry, the State Council and the Central Military Commission reorganized the aviation industry preparatory group into the Aviation Industry Bureau of the Ministry of Heavy Industry. 1952 On August 7th, the Second Ministry of Machinery Industry was established to manage the national defense industry in a unified way. The weapons industry and aviation industry, which originally belonged to the Ministry of Heavy Industry, were placed under the management of the Second Ministry of Machinery Industry. 1April, 953, the Telecommunications Industry Bureau was placed under the management of the Second Machinery Department. China's national defense industry has achieved centralized and unified management.
1956 1 16 10 The Third Ministry of Machinery Industry was established in October, in charge of nuclear industry construction and nuclear weapons development. 1958 In February, the Second Ministry of Machinery Industry, which was in charge of the national defense industry, merged with the First Ministry of Machinery Industry and the Motor Manufacturing Industry to form a new First Ministry of Machinery Industry, which was in charge of the national machinery industry. At the same time, the Third Ministry of Machinery Industry, which manages the nuclear industry, was renamed the Second Ministry of Machinery Industry. In June 5438+10, the Central Committee approved the establishment of the National Defense Science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of National Defense. 1959 12. The Central Committee decided to set up the National Defense Industry Committee of the Central Military Commission to take charge of the national defense industry. 1960, the first Ministry of Machinery Industry was separated from the function of managing the national defense industry, and the third Ministry of Machinery Industry was established to manage the national defense industry. At the end of the same year, the research institutes of aviation, shipbuilding and electronics industries were separated from the industrial departments, reorganized with the relevant scientific research units of the military, and formed a professional research institute, which was affiliated to the Ministry of National Defense and its business work was under the unified leadership of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission. 19611On February 20th, the State Council established the National Defense Industry Office, which was incorporated into the military establishment and was in charge of the Second Engine Department, the Third Engine Department and the National Defense Science and Technology Commission. Since then, the National Defense Science and Technology Commission has been cancelled. 1963, the State Council established Fourth Ministry of machinery industry to manage the radio industry, the Fifth Ministry of Machinery Industry to manage the weapons industry, and the Sixth Ministry of Machinery Industry to manage the shipbuilding industry. From then on, the Third Ministry of Machinery Industry only managed the aviation industry. 1964165438+1On October 23rd, the central government decided to set up the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry to uniformly manage the scientific research, design, trial production and base construction of the aerospace industry.
1970, the State Council's institutions and personnel were greatly streamlined, but the Ministry of National Defense and the Second to Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry remained unchanged and were placed under the jurisdiction of the General Office of the Military Commission. At the same time, the the State Council National Defense Industry Office and the Central Defense Industry Political Department were abolished. 1973 September 10, with the approval of the Central Committee, the National Defense Industry Office was established, led by the State Council and the Central Military Commission, with the State Council as the main body. The main task is to plan, arrange and organize the production, construction and scientific research of the national defense industry as a whole. 1in April, 974, the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided to establish the General Administration of Missile Industry, which was called the Eighth General Administration of Machinery Industry, and then abolished the Eighth General Administration of Machinery Industry and established the Eighth Ministry of Machinery Industry. 1977165438+1October 14, the State Council and the CMC decided to set up the CMC science, technology and equipment Committee to lead the defense science, technology and defense industry production in a unified way. At the beginning of the reform and opening-up, the institutions responsible for the management of national defense industry and equipment production included the Second to Eighth Ministry of Machinery Industry affiliated to the State Council, as well as the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, the Office of National Defense Industry and the Science and Technology Commission, which were under the dual leadership of the State Council and the Central Military Commission. Among them, the National Defense Science and Technology Commission is in charge of the work of the Second and Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry, and the National Defense Industry Office is in charge of the work of the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Ministry of Machinery Industry.
Through the changes of the military industry management system in this period, we can find that the government's management of the national defense industry has the following obvious characteristics: First, the government implements a highly centralized management model for the national defense industry, and the central high-level officials set up special management institutions, such as the Military Industry Committee, the National Defense Science and Technology Committee, the National Defense Industry Committee, and the Science and Technology Equipment Committee. And put it under the direct leadership of the military management departments (the Central Military Commission and the Ministry of National Defense), which embodies the characteristics that the national defense industry completely serves military purposes. Second, the government implements the management methods of "separation of military and civilian", "separation of industries" and "separation of scientific research and production" in the specific management activities of the national defense industry. The national defense industry is managed by specialized government management agencies with specific planning and guidance. Although there was the idea of "combining military and civilian" during the period, such as 1949, the Ministry of Heavy Industry was established to conduct unified leadership over military and civilian industries; 1February, 958, the former No.2 Machinery Department, No.1 Machinery Department and Electric Machinery Department merged to form a new No.1 Machinery Department, which was in charge of the national machinery industry. But soon, the national defense industry was led by a special independent military management department. Not only that, all industries in the national defense industry are also managed by specialized government management agencies. At the beginning of the reform and opening up, the nuclear industry, aviation industry, electronics industry, weapons industry, shipbuilding industry, aerospace industry and missile industry were under the management of the second to eighth Ministry of Machinery Industry respectively. Moreover, the scientific research and production activities of the national defense industry are also separated from each other and managed by two different departments, namely the National Defense Science and Technology Commission and the National Defense Industry Office. Third, the adjustment and changes of military management institutions are frequent, usually once every few years, sometimes several times a year, lacking relative stability.
During this period, the government's means of managing the national defense industry were mainly administrative means and mandatory plans. The resource allocation, industrial development planning and spatial layout of the military industry are all reflected in the government's mandatory plan, and the military industry development plan is in a very prominent position in the whole national economic development plan. For example, during the first five-year plan period, among the 150 actual construction projects aided by the Soviet Union, there were 44 defense industry enterprises, including 12 aviation industry, 10 electronics industry, 16 weapons industry, 2 aviation industry and 4 shipbuilding industry. [2] In the 1960s, especially after the Third Five-Year Plan, the national defense industry was given priority in the government's mandatory plan. The central tasks of the Third Five-Year Plan are: first, basically solve the problem of food and clothing according to low standards; Second, give consideration to national defense, solve the conventional weapons needed for national defense, and break through cutting-edge technology; The third is to strengthen the support of basic industries for agriculture and national defense industry. (3) Since the Third Five-Year Plan, China has used nearly three five-year plans to implement the development strategy of national defense industry focusing on the construction of the "third line" and invested a lot of national economic resources. During the "third line" construction period, from 1965 to 1980, the third line in China was built in 13 provinces and regions. After three five-year plans, * * * invested more than 205 billion yuan and had millions of manpower. Among them, in the "Fourth Five-Year Plan" drawn up by 1970, the third-line construction investment projects account for more than half of the national plan.
This special role played by the China government in the national defense industry under the planned economy system has both positive effects and certain negative factors from the perspective of consolidating national defense and developing economic benefits. Its positive role is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, a relatively complete national defense industry system has been established in a relatively short period of time, and the national defense industry has developed by leaps and bounds. The government used its own coercive power in resource allocation to concentrate resources on the development of national defense industry, which enabled China to establish modern national defense industrial departments such as weapons, electronics, ships, aviation, nuclear and aerospace during the first five-year plan period. Compared with the founding of New China, the development of national defense industry has spanned several stages, and it has taken a century or two for western countries. Second, the production capacity of the military industry has been rapidly improved, and a qualitative breakthrough has been achieved in the development and production of weapons and equipment. During this period, the national defense industry not only had complete professional categories, but also basically matched scientific research methods. The talent team has high quality and strength, and the equipment production capacity and level have been significantly improved. At this time, we not only have the scientific research ability to produce large-scale equipment such as airplanes and ships, but also have the scientific research and production ability of cutting-edge technical equipment. Advanced military technology and product development represented by atomic bombs, missiles and satellites "two bombs and one satellite" have been successful one after another. Thirdly, it has effectively promoted the high-tech industry and economic development in China. The national defense industry is a high-tech industry. The rapid development of national defense industry not only promotes the improvement of the production level of weapons and equipment, but also promotes the progress and development of a large number of industrial departments such as metallurgy, machinery, chemical industry and materials. After more than ten years of "third-line" construction, it has promoted the economic prosperity and scientific and cultural progress of inland provinces, brought development opportunities to inland construction, and created necessary conditions for the further coordinated development of China's regional economy.
However, the government plays an all-round role in the operation of the national defense industry, which also brings many negative effects. As the sole investor, the government bears all the risks of the development of national defense industry, which not only makes the government bear the heavy burden, but also makes the social resources not be effectively allocated because of the lack of economic interest pressure and motivation of enterprises and the low efficiency and benefit of military production. Not only that, because the government plays the role of "all-round government" in the development of national defense industry, it almost completely denies the regulatory role of market mechanism, and because of the existence of government failure caused by internal defects of the government, the operational efficiency of national defense industry has suffered losses to varying degrees. In particular, due to its purely military orientation in the development of national defense industry, not only does the development of national defense industry deviate from the goal of economic benefits, but the national defense industry can only play a single function of serving the army, but it cannot effectively play its function of serving the economy. Mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, the national defense industry is too large and has invested too much resources, thus crowding out a lot of resources for economic construction and restricting the economic development of the whole country; Second, the "mountain, scattered and cave" layout structure based on security considerations leads to high military production and transportation costs and cooperation costs, and low production efficiency and economic benefits; Third, the military management system of "separation of military and civilian", "compartmentalization" and "separation of production and research" not only makes the military and civilian departments lack the necessary division of labor and cooperation, but also makes the repeated allocation and waste of resources more prominent and the efficiency of resource allocation lower even if there is no effective division of labor and cooperation between different industries and between scientific research and production within the military industry.
Second, transform government functions to meet the requirements of socialist market economic system reform (1979-)
197865438+February * * The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee ushered in a new era of reform and opening up. The focus of the party and the country has shifted to economic construction as the center. Starting from obeying and serving the national strategy, the national defense industry implements the development policy of combining military and civilian, and changes from simply focusing on national defense construction to serving the four modernizations. Especially in the process of transformation from planned economy to socialist market economy, government intervention and management of national defense industry also occur from time to time. The main performance is that the micro-subject status of military enterprises and institutions has been initially established, and they have begun to develop products and obtain production factors for the market. The government is no longer the only investor in the military field, and begins to intervene in the operation of the defense industry with the help of market mechanisms. This change is mainly reflected in the further reform of military management institutions, the transformation of management system, the change of management methods and means, and the gradual introduction of market mechanism.
In order to meet the needs of reform and opening-up, 1979, on March 24th, the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided that the Second and Seventh Machinery Departments and all enterprises and institutions in all provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions should implement dual leadership, with the Ministry as the main body. 6543818 October, the central government decided to set up the Central Scientific Research Coordination Committee to coordinate the scientific research work of the State Science and Technology Commission, the National Defense Science and Technology Commission and the National Defense Industry Office. 12 On February 28th, the State Council decided that the fourth and sixth machinery departments should be under the centralized leadership of the State Machinery Committee. 1981September 7, the State Council and the central military commission decided to merge the seventh and eighth machinery departments to form a new seventh machinery department. 1On May 4th, 982, according to the decision of the National People's Congress, the second, third, fourth, fifth, seventh and eighth mechanical parts were renamed as the Ministry of Nuclear Industry, Aviation, Electronics, Weapons and Aerospace Industry and China Shipbuilding Corporation. On May 10, the State Council and the Central Military Commission approved the merger of the Commission of Science and Technology for National Defense, the Office of National Defense Industry and the Office of Science, Technology and Equipment Committee of the Central Military Commission (the General Office of the Military Commission) to form the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense of the People's Liberation Army, also known as the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense). Under the organizational system of the Central Military Commission (CMC), under the dual leadership of the State Council and the Central Military Commission (CMC). 1983 March 14, the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided to put the scientific research and production of weapons and equipment in the electronics and shipbuilding industries under the centralized control of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, and implement dual leadership with the State Economic Commission. 1986 cancel the Ministry of machinery and weapons industry and set up the national machinery industry Committee to implement unified planning for the national machinery industry. 1On April 9, 988, the first meeting of the Seventh National People's Congress decided to abolish the Ministry of Aerospace Industry, set up the Ministry of Aerospace Industry, abolish the National Machinery Committee and the Ministry of Electronic Industry, and set up the Ministry of Mechanical and Electronic Industry; The Ministry of Nuclear Industry was abolished and the Nuclear Industry Corporation was established, which was under the centralized management of the Ministry of Energy. In May, Premier the State Council's office decided that China State Shipbuilding Corporation would be under the centralized management of the Ministry of Machinery and Electronics Industry. 1990 65438+1On October 8th, the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided to establish China Ordnance Industry Corporation. 199 1 year, China electronics industry corporation was established. 1993 cancel the Ministry of aerospace industry, set up aviation industry corporation and aerospace industry corporation, cancel the Ministry of machinery and electronics industry and set up the Ministry of machinery and electronics industry respectively.
1998, 10 In March, the First Session of the Ninth National People's Congress adopted the decision of the State Council's institutional reform plan, and abolished 1982 the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, which was established in May, and separated its functions from those of the National Defense Department of the State Planning Commission in accordance with the principles of "separation of military and political affairs" and "separation of supply and demand". Retain the National Space Administration and the National Atomic Energy Agency to represent the country externally, and serve as the national defense science, technology and industry committee internally. At the same time, the General Armament Department under the leadership of the Central Military Commission was established with the former Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and the General Armament Department of the General Staff as the main body. In April, the newly established Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense of the People's Republic of China and the General Armament Department of the People's Liberation Army of China were formally established. The function of the General Armament Department is to formulate the development strategy and scientific research plan of weapons and equipment, and organize orders according to the needs of weapons and equipment construction. The main duties of the new National Defense Science, Technology and Industry Committee are: to formulate development plans and regulations for the military industry and implement industry management; Cooperate with the General Armament Department, be responsible for the formulation and implementation of scientific research plans, organize production according to the order contract, supervise the execution of the order contract, and ensure the production and supply of military equipment; The Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, together with the General Armament Department, is responsible for formulating the adjustment plan of military scientific research and production capacity and organizing its implementation; To undertake the management functions of the National Space Administration and the National Atomic Energy Agency.
In 2007, the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly put forward the development goal of accelerating the reform of administrative management system and building a service-oriented government, and put forward "accelerating the separation of government and enterprise, government capital, government affairs, government and market intermediary organizations, standardizing administrative behavior, strengthening the construction of administrative law enforcement departments, reducing and standardizing administrative examination and approval, and reducing government intervention in microeconomic operation." [4] At the same time, under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, according to the new situation and new characteristics faced by national defense construction and economic construction, new goals and requirements are put forward on how to further improve the government's management of national defense industry and equipment research and production, that is, "adjust and reform the national defense science and technology industry system and weapons and equipment procurement system, and improve the independent innovation ability and quality efficiency of weapons and equipment development. Establish and improve the military-civilian scientific research system for weapons and equipment, and ... embark on a development path of integration of defense and civilian technologies with China characteristics. " [5] According to the spirit of the 17th National Congress, a meeting of the 11th National People's Congress held in 2008 adjusted and reformed the establishment of the administrative department of defense industry management. The Committee of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, the Ministry of Information Industry, the the State Council Information Work Office and the State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau will be merged to form the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the newly established National Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense will be managed by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Committee of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense will no longer be retained. After the reform and opening up, the reform of the management system of the national defense industry has been deepened, and the government's intervention and management methods in the national defense industry have undergone major changes. Mainly reflected in the following aspects:
First, the integrated management mode of supply and demand led by military institutions has gradually changed into a separate management mode of supply and demand. After the founding of New China, the government adopted the integrated management mode of supply and demand led by military institutions, which has typical "militarized" management characteristics. The Central Military Commission, the Ministry of National Defense and its subordinate departments not only undertake the function of managing the demand for weapons and equipment, but also undertake the function of managing the military industry. Although there are corresponding administrative agencies (the second to eighth mechanical departments) for the management of military industry, their work is led by military agencies. For a period after the reform and opening up, the traditional practice before the reform and opening up was still used, but the specific form changed. In the past, different military departments, including the National Defense Science and Technology Commission, the National Defense Commission and the Science and Technology Commission, were responsible for the division of military production. After the reform and opening up, the National Defense Science and Technology Committee of the People's Liberation Army gradually changed to centralized and unified management of military scientific research and production. In view of the disadvantages exposed by this system in the market economy, 1998, the General Armament Department of the People's Liberation Army of China and the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense of the State Council were established. In 2008, the newly established Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense was abolished, and the National Bureau of Science and Technology for National Defense was established to undertake the functions of equipment demand management and military industry management respectively. The government's management of military industry has changed from the integration mode of supply and demand to the separation mode of supply and demand.
Second, the management mode of separating government from enterprise has gradually changed into the management mode of separating government from enterprise. For a long time, the government's management of the national defense industry is basically not divided between government and enterprises. Government departments have overall control over military scientific research and production units from the aspects of resource allocation, planning and implementation. Military scientific research and production units are actually a subsidiary of government departments. After the reform and opening up, in order to cooperate with the market-oriented reform, the management mode of the military industry has been gradually reformed in accordance with the principle of "separating government from enterprises". First, the relevant government industry management agencies were abolished, and shipbuilding, nuclear, weapons, aviation, aerospace, and electronics industrial companies were established, but military companies still assumed certain government functions. 1998 according to the principle of "separating government from enterprise", the government functions of the military industrial group companies were independently assigned to the commission of science, technology and industry for national defense, and on the basis of the military industrial group companies, they were reorganized into the top ten military industrial group companies through splitting. In 2002, the former Military Industry Research Institute of the Ministry of Information Industry established China Electronic Science and Technology Corporation, which changed the number of military industry corporations from ten to eleven, usually called eleven military industry corporations. In 2009, in order to better adapt to the market-oriented reform and accelerate the development of aviation industry, China Aviation Industry Corporation I and China Aviation Industry Corporation I merged to form aviation industry corporation of china. Each military industrial group company is registered in accordance with the Company Law, and is authorized by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) to manage the wholly-owned enterprises and holding enterprises under its jurisdiction as representatives of state-owned assets investors, and implement enterprise management.
Third, the management mode of separating government from capital has gradually changed into the management mode of separating government from capital. According to the principle of "separation of government and capital", the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, as the administrative department in charge of the State Council's national defense science and technology industry, is responsible for the construction of laws and regulations, system reform, capacity structure layout, strategic planning for weapons and equipment development, scientific research and production organization, fixed assets investment, quality, safety, measurement, standards, "five elements" management and guidance of the military electronics industry, involving the management of national defense science and technology industry construction funds, foreign exchanges and cooperation, and undertaking the daily work of the office of the Central Special Committee. After the government's administrative system reform and function adjustment in 2008, the establishment of the National Defense Science and Technology Bureau under the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has taken an important step towards a service-oriented government. In the aspect of state-owned assets management, the State-owned Assets Management Committee (SASAC), an ad hoc organization in the State Council, exercises the responsibilities of state-owned assets investor, manages the assets of the military industrial group company, which is the main body of the national defense science and technology industry, and is responsible for assessing and managing the operating performance of the military industrial group company.
Fourth, the management mode of military industry has gradually changed into a centralized and unified management mode. For a long time, the government has adopted a separate management model for the management of different military industries. The nuclear, aviation, electronics, weapons, ships, aerospace and missile industries are under the responsibility of the competent departments of different industries, and it is difficult to coordinate and co-ordinate with each other. After the reform and opening up, in view of the disadvantages exposed by this system, a centralized and unified management model was gradually adopted. First, the management departments with similar businesses such as aviation, aerospace, weapons and electronics will be merged to form the competent department of national defense science, technology and industry in the State Council to conduct centralized and unified management of the entire national defense industry. In addition, in 2008, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology was newly established, and the National Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense was established as an official document of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, which also helped to break the system of separation of military and civilian, and gradually establish a type system of integration of national defense and civilian technologies.
After the reform and opening up, the transformation of government management function is not only reflected in the military management system, but also in the application of specific management methods and means. Before the reform and opening up, the government's management means for the military industry were mainly mandatory planning and administrative means. After the reform and opening up, the government's management methods of military industry have undergone important changes. The government's means of planning and adjusting the military industry are mainly to formulate long-term and medium-and long-term plans for military development, sign military order contracts with military research and production units, and focus on the research and production of military special products. As for the research and production of civilian products and some dual-use products in the military research and production department, it is regulated through the role of market mechanism. Traditionally, administrative means have been gradually replaced by legal means. In order to meet the needs of the economy ruled by law, a series of relevant laws and regulations have been promulgated and implemented.
Especially since 2000, the state has obviously strengthened the legal construction of equipment scientific research and production management. The State Council promulgated and implemented "Several Opinions on Encouraging and Guiding the Development of Non-public Economy such as Individual and Private Economy" and other relevant laws and regulations. The State Council and the Central Military Commission promulgated and implemented the Regulations on the Administration of Scientific Research and Production License of Weapons and Equipment. The Central Military Commission promulgated a series of laws and regulations, such as Regulations on Equipment, Regulations on Equipment Scientific Research, Regulations on Equipment Procurement and Regulations on Equipment Maintenance. The General Armament Department has formulated and issued the Regulations on the Management of Equipment Procurement Plan, the Regulations on the Qualification Examination of Equipment Contractors, and the Regulations on the Management of Equipment Procurement Methods and Procedures. The Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense promulgated and implemented the Measures for the Implementation of the License for Scientific Research and Production of Weapons and Equipment, the Detailed Rules for the Administration of the License for Military Scientific Research and Production of Civil Departments, the Provisions on Standardization of the Development and Production of Weapons and Equipment, and the Interim Provisions on the Supervision and Administration of Military Quality. Policy Outline of National Defense Science, Technology and Industry, List of Military Export Management, Guiding Opinions on the Participation of Non-public Economy in the Construction of National Defense Science, Technology and Industry, and Several Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Investment System of National Defense Science, Technology and Industry. In order to improve the secrecy system of scientific research and production of weapons and equipment, the State Secrecy Bureau, the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and the General Armament Department jointly promulgated and implemented the Administrative Measures for Examination and Certification of Confidentiality Qualification of Scientific Research and Production Units of Weapons and Equipment. In order to promote the joint-stock reform of military enterprises, the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, together with the National Development and Reform Commission and the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, issued and implemented the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Joint-stock Reform of Military Enterprises. Standardizing the behavior of enterprises and the government through legal means has gradually put the government's regulation and intervention in the military industry on the legal track, providing a good institutional environment for giving full play to the regulatory role of the market mechanism. The government also pays more attention to using economic means to intervene and manage the military industry, and regulates the economic activities of military scientific research and production units through a series of economic means such as taxation, investment and finance.
The transformation of government functions in the operation of national defense industry not only pays more attention to the rational positioning of government functions, but also attaches importance to and exerts the regulatory role of market mechanism, thus playing a positive role in improving the operation efficiency of national defense industry. Mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, establish the independent procurement subject status of military departments, so that they can make more feasible weapons and equipment development plans according to military science and technology, modern warfare, national military strategy and security environment, and act as smart buyers under the constraint of military expenditure expectations, which can not only save the procurement cost of weapons and equipment, improve the procurement efficiency of weapons and equipment, but also provide external pressure for military scientific research and production units, forcing them to strengthen management. Second, according to the principle of separation of supply and demand of military products, a centralized and unified military administrative department will be gradually established. On the one hand, the administrative department of the government can specially formulate government functions such as the development plan and regulations of the military industry, which is conducive to the formation of a relatively complete macro-control system and administration according to law, and improve the administrative ability and efficiency of the government; On the other hand, it can break the long-standing industry management pattern of compartmentalization, multi-head leadership and compartmentalization, help to break the industry restrictions, and make the market mechanism play a more full role in different industries, which not only improves the level of social division of labor and cooperation in the military industry, but also further optimizes the allocation of military resources.
However, because China is in the historical period of economic system transformation, the market economic system is not perfect, some negative traditional concepts are deeply rooted, and there are still some defects in the role of the government. [6] In the military-political relationship, the relationship between the army and the administrative department is simply called "the relationship between supply and demand", and it is believed that the competent department of science, technology and industry for national defense represents the interests of national defense and the General Armament Department represents the interests of the army, which leads to some uncoordinated problems such as policy formulation. For example, the competent department of national defense science, technology and industry in the State Council started to formulate the Law on National Defense Research and Production, and the General Armament Department started to formulate the Regulations on Weapons and Equipment Procurement; The Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense promulgated and implemented the Measures for the Implementation of the License for Scientific Research and Production of Weapons and Equipment, and the General Armament Department promulgated the Catalogue of Designated Procurement of Weapons and Equipment; The competent department of science, technology and industry for national defense in the State Council has promulgated the standards for military scientific research and production, and the General Armament Department of the People's Liberation Army in China has promulgated the acceptance standards for weapons and equipment. In the relationship between government and capital, there are also many uncoordinated factors between the State Council's national defense science, technology and industry authorities and SASAC. For example, the function of the State Council National Defense Science, Technology and Industry Bureau is in charge, while SASAC is in charge of assets and people, so the management of affairs, capital and people in the National Defense Science, Technology and Industry Bureau is not unified. In addition, there is a big gap in the management of state-owned assets between the national defense science, technology and industry authorities in the State Council and the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Generally speaking, the government's function in the management of national defense industry is still not in place, and it is used to things that should not be managed, can not be managed, and can not be managed well. With the deepening of the reform of the socialist market economic system, it is objectively necessary to continue to transform and improve the government's functions in the management of national defense industry in practice.