(Wu)

The cause of cultivating, managing, protecting and developing forests. It is a production enterprise that provides wood and various forest products, and it is also an environmental protection project to maintain the ecological balance of land.

Development history

There was no forestry in ancient times. After agricultural planting began, the forest was destroyed by burning wasteland to reclaim farmland. Especially in densely populated areas with poor ecological conditions, the lack of forests is gradually felt, and barren hills and wasteland appear due to deforestation and overgrazing, so the rulers began to promulgate some laws on forest management and protection. "Mencius" says: "In time, the axe enters the mountain, and firewood cannot be used." There are many records about afforestation and forest management in The Book of Songs and Zhou Li. Because there are fewer and fewer forests and the barren hills and wasteland are expanding, it is no longer possible to solve the problem just by managing the mountains and forests, so artificial afforestation began. There are records about planting trees and direct seeding afforestation in European countries in the Bible. During the Qin and Han dynasties in China, forestry has become an independent production department, and large-scale tree planting activities have appeared. By the Southern and Northern Dynasties (5th-6th century), the cultivation techniques of various tree species had been improved day by day, which was summarized by Jia Sixie and written into the Book of Qi Yao Min. Later, when he was in charles ii, England, a courtier, J.Ivelyn, published a classic book on tree planting, Forest Records, in 1664.

Social production has entered the era of industrialization, and the demand for wood raw materials has further expanded. In order to realize the sustainable production of forest, J.C.Hundeshagen put forward the normal forest model in 1826. The basic requirement is that within a management level, each stand meets the standard stand requirements and has the highest wood growth. At the same time, the stands of different ages should occupy the same area and a certain arrangement order, and the annual cutting amount should be equal to the annual growth, so as to ensure that the same amount of wood can be obtained permanently from the forest. This idea is supplemented by Hejer in 184 1. /kloc-In the middle of 0/9th century, Germany was in a leading position in forestry scientific management. Subsequently, France and other countries with rich forest resources in Europe successively studied and established modern forestry scientific management. There were not many forest resources in Britain, but there were many colonies rich in forest resources at that time. They introduced European knowledge and management of forestry science and technology to Myanmar and India. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, the United States and Japan sent overseas students to Europe to learn modern forestry management experience and technology. After returning home, they established their own experimental forest and educational forest, trained forestry scientific and technological talents and popularized advanced forestry management technology. At the beginning of this century, China sent overseas students to Europe, Japan and the United States to learn the knowledge and experience of modern forestry science and technology. After returning home, they also set up some forest farms operated according to modern forestry technology. Now Yuhang Forest Farm in Zhejiang and Laoshan Forest Farm in Jiangsu are developed on the basis of the forest farms established at that time. Since the establishment of 1949 People's Republic of China (PRC), forestry administrative institutions have been established from the central to the local level, forestry scientific research system has been strengthened and established, forestry education system has been expanded and prepared, and a large number of forestry professionals have been trained, which has created conditions for the development of modern forestry production and construction (see China Forestry).

The importance of forestry

The importance of forestry mainly lies in: providing forest products, including economic benefits of wood (bamboo) and many other forest products; As the main body of terrestrial ecosystem, forest provides ecological benefits for protecting and improving the environment; Provide people with tourist attractions and beautify people's living environment. China called these three benefits economic benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits. The United States calls the first category products, and the second and third categories services.

Wood and various forest products are important raw materials for national economic construction and people's production and life. According to statistics, the annual consumption of wood in the world (excluding natural loss) is about 2.4 ~ 2.5 billion cubic meters, of which industrial wood is about12 ~1300 million cubic meters. The per capita annual consumption in developed countries is above 1 m3, and the per capita annual consumption in the world is 0.3 ~ 0.4 m3. Wood consumption will continue to increase in the future.

Wood is an important building material with good thermal insulation and seismic performance. For wooden buildings, the energy consumption of heating in winter and air conditioning in summer is 20% and 30% lower than that of masonry buildings respectively. The Sakyamuni Pagoda in Yingxian County, China, and Zhenwu Pavilion in Rongxian County, Guangxi Province in the Ming Dynasty, have been read for hundreds of years and are still intact. Wood is an important raw material for papermaking, and more than 90% of papermaking raw materials in developed countries are wood. Paper made of wood is of good quality and low cost. Wood is also an important energy source, especially in developing countries that lack mineral energy, and 70% of all wood consumption is used as energy.

Besides wood, there are many kinds of forest products. Important are resin, tannin extract, insect wax, woody oil, woody grain, fruit, edible fungi and medicinal materials. In addition, various mammals, birds and other animals that inhabit and breed in the forest are also important forest products. Many of these forest products are necessities for people's production and life and important industrial raw materials.

Forest ecosystem is the main body of terrestrial ecology, which has strong protection benefits such as water conservation, soil conservation, wind prevention and sand fixation. Forests can provide places for recreation, rest and recuperation, as well as shelters and gene banks for many rare species.

Forestry management content

The object of forestry management is forest. Forests are divided into natural forests and artificial forests according to their origins. Natural forest is a multi-level and multi-component terrestrial ecosystem, which is a relatively stable forest formed by natural succession and interaction with climate, landform, soil, animals and plants in the region. Due to the differences of climate, landform, soil and other factors, its composition and structure present complex and diverse forest types. Temperature, precipitation and their seasonal changes among meteorological factors are the main factors affecting forest composition, structure and growth and development. Tropical forest is located in the hot and rainy equatorial zone, with complex tree species, complex hierarchical structure and flourishing all year round. The forest located in cold and humid high latitude is coniferous forest, with single tree species and strong seasonal growth; In semi-arid areas, forests and grasslands are located where the annual precipitation is less than 400 mm. In areas beyond the growth limit of trees, such as the alpine zone above the arbor line in southwest China, there are cold-resistant alpine shrubs such as rhododendron, rose and Chimonanthus praecox. There are xerophytic shrubs such as Haloxylon ammodendron, Caragana korshinskii, Nitraria tangutorum and Tamarix chinensis in the arid area of northwest China. Woodless land with certain ecological conditions, including barren hills and wasteland formed by the destruction of virgin forests, and land that can be planted for various reasons but has not yet become a forest, can form a forest through artificial cultivation. The composition and structure of artificial forests are usually simpler than those of natural forests. For natural forests, reasonable cutting, timely renewal and proper management should be carried out according to their growth and development laws, and the characteristics and advantages of forest resources should be brought into play, and at the same time, various benefits of forests in maintaining ecological balance and beautifying the environment should be better brought into play. It is necessary to select suitable tree species, reasonably mix them, scientifically construct and manage them, and build an artificial forest ecosystem with economic, ecological and social benefits.

According to the purpose of forest management, forests are divided into many types. The Forest Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) classifies forests into five categories: ① Shelterbelt: forests, trees and shrubs whose main purpose is protection. Including water conservation forest, soil and water conservation forest, windbreak and sand fixation forest, farmland and pasture protection forest, bank protection forest and road protection forest. (2) Timber forests: forests and trees whose main purpose is to produce wood, including bamboo forests whose main purpose is to produce bamboo. (3) Economic forests: trees whose main purpose is to produce fruits, edible oils, beverages, condiments, industrial raw materials and medicinal materials. (4) Fuelwood forest: a forest whose main purpose is to produce fuel. ⑤ Special-purpose forests: forests and trees whose main purposes are national defense, environmental protection and scientific experiments. Including national defense forest, experimental forest, mother forest, environmental protection forest, scenic forest, historical sites and revolutionary memorial sites, as well as forests in nature reserves.

The relationship between forestry and other economic sectors

Forestry has direct and indirect relations with many economic sectors (see figure).

Relationship diagram between forestry and other economic sectors

development prospect

Forestry is developed by the change and promotion of the following conditions: the progress of science and technology has a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the importance of forests and trees; Population growth and industrial development need more and better wood and forest products; The development of transportation and its large-scale construction, the expansion of urban and rural construction area and the development of farmland have reduced the forest area, requiring intensive forest management; The expansion of cities, the development of transportation and the improvement of people's economic life all need to provide forest environment for rest and recuperation. Today's forestry development direction mainly includes the following aspects:

(1) Various benefits.

Except for a few special forests, the management of general natural forests and artificial forests should consider multiple benefits. Timber forests and economic forests should not only produce wood and forest products, but also consider their ecological benefits and beautify the environment; All kinds of shelter forests should also produce wood and forest products on the premise of ensuring protection benefits.

② Specialized industrial raw material forest management

In other words, production and processing enterprises that use wood and other forest products as raw materials will provide high-quality and useful raw materials for a long time. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the professional timber forest.

③ Management of fast-growing and high-yield forest

Timber forest and economic forest should cultivate strong seedlings, intensive cultivation, irrigation and fertilization, strengthen protection, and achieve fast growth and high yield through seed selection and introduction of forest trees.

④ Delineation and management of nature reserves.

Species are irreplaceable important natural resources. The survival of many animals, plants and microorganisms depends on the forest environment. In order to protect animal and plant species and microorganisms, it is necessary to designate necessary forests as nature reserves and manage them properly. The whole world pays special attention to the delineation and management of tropical forest nature reserves.

⑤ Develop comprehensive management of agriculture and forestry and comprehensive management of forestry and animal husbandry.

This is an effective way to solve the contradiction between population and land, agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry and make full use of the potential of light energy, water and land production resources.