(1. Beijing Water Conservancy Planning and Design Institute, Water Conservancy History Research Institute of China Water Conservancy Society; 2. Institute of Water Conservancy History, China Academy of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Research, China Water Conservancy History Research Association)
In the history of our country, it is a country based on agriculture, and it is also a country with alternating floods and droughts and serious natural disasters. Therefore, it is a national event to prevent floods, eliminate pests and promote profits. From Dayu to today, there are many water conservancy figures, many water conservancy projects, profound cultural heritage and brilliant achievements in water conservancy. Our ancestors also created the word "water conservancy" with China characteristics in practice. The word "water conservancy" first came into being more than 2,250 years ago, and was defined by Sima Qian as a complete concept with beneficial and harmful effects 2 1.20 years ago. It is the only cultural symbol with cultural heritage value in the world.
In the development history of the Chinese nation, the development of water conservancy plays an extremely important role. For thousands of years, the Chinese nation has created rich material and intangible cultural heritage for the survival and development of the nation in the process of understanding, developing and utilizing nature. These water cultural heritages bear rich water culture and are the crystallization and wealth of Chinese wisdom. It is also an important part of China's traditional culture. It is the glory and glory of the Chinese nation.
The party and the state have always attached great importance to the protection of cultural heritage. As early as 1982, the NPC Standing Committee promulgated the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics in People's Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics). The Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics fixes the word "cultural relics" and its contents in legal form. Its scope actually includes all movable and immovable historical and cultural relics. Since then, all material and cultural heritages have been included in the scope of protection as "cultural relics". China joined the United Nations Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2004, and established a Cultural Heritage Day in 2005. In 2007, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) further revised the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics, which made the task of cultural heritage protection clearer and greatly promoted the protection work.
However, in practical work, there are still some problems in how to objectively protect the water cultural heritage to varying degrees. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the current situation of water cultural heritage protection, and explore how to further carry forward the spirit of water culture, strengthen the protection and management of water cultural heritage, and rationally develop and utilize it.
First, the status and problems of water cultural heritage protection
In recent 10 years, the universal value of water cultural heritage has been highly recognized. First of all, Dujiangyan is a famous water conservancy project in China, which has been approved by the United Nations as a world cultural heritage. Moreover, it received rave reviews. The evaluation pointed out: "Dujiangyan is a grand water conservancy project with a long history and the only existence in the world, which is characterized by water diversion without dams. It is not only a great miracle of water conservancy engineering technology in China, but also a bright pearl of water conservancy engineering in the world. It makes full use of the local geographical conditions, which are high in the northwest and low in the southeast. According to the special topography, water veins and water potential of the river outlet, it takes advantage of the situation, does not build dams to take water, and irrigates by gravity, so that dikes, water diversion, flood discharge, sediment discharge and flow control are interdependent and integrated into a system, ensuring the full play of the comprehensive benefits of flood control, irrigation, water delivery and social water use. Its biggest point is that the weir has been built for more than 2250 years, and it is playing an increasingly important role. The establishment of Dujiangyan is based on the premise of not destroying natural resources and making full use of natural resources to serve mankind, turning harm into benefit, and making people, land and water highly harmonious and unified. This is the only great "ecological project" in the world so far. It initiated a new era in the history of ancient water conservancy in China, marked a new stage in the history of water conservancy in China and wrote a glorious chapter in the history of water conservancy in the world. Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project is the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient people in China and an epoch-making masterpiece of Chinese culture. " Dujiangyan's achievements have attracted worldwide attention and are also the pride and glory of the Chinese nation. The successful application of Dujiangyan cultural heritage has set an example for the protection of water cultural heritage and accumulated experience.
Secondly, China is actively preparing to declare the world cultural heritage of major water conservancy projects in China's Grand Canal (including the Sui and Tang Dynasties North-South Grand Canal and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal). It shows that the situation of water cultural heritage protection in China is developing rapidly and has broad prospects.
The promulgation of the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics has promoted and guaranteed the protection of water cultural heritage. However, in some regions and places with developed economy and rapid development of industry and tourism, there are still problems of poor implementation and destruction of important water cultural heritage. It shows that the protection of water cultural heritage has a long way to go and needs to be taken seriously. The present situation and existing problems are:
(A) the pace of urban construction is fast, and there is no space for the assessment of water cultural heritage.
China is in the process of rapid urbanization, and the water cultural heritage and its living environment are seriously threatened. It is not uncommon to build a large number of modern buildings, expand traffic roads, increase urban drainage and widen rivers, develop science and technology development zones and tourist facilities, and destroy water cultural heritage. Moreover, the construction is very urgent, and the water cultural heritage has been demolished before it can be evaluated and demonstrated. However, due to various reasons, such as weak protection consciousness, lax management system or being driven by local interests, some scattered ancient and modern water cultural heritages have disappeared. Some ancient water conservancy projects are easily replaced by modern projects without careful demonstration and evaluation. The operation of the newly replaced project has proved that its economic and environmental benefits have not reached the expected goal. In recent years, a few ancient water conservancy projects are dying out at an accelerated pace.
(2) There are gaps in the protection of cultural heritage protection departments.
The departments in charge of cultural relics clearly put forward the protection targets for cultural heritage protection, mainly ancient sites, ancient buildings, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, murals, historical and cultural cities, blocks, villages and towns, but did not explicitly put forward water cultural relics or water cultural heritage for protection. Therefore, a large number of water cultural heritages within the management scope of water facilities such as rivers and dams have become blank areas for cultural relics protection. For a long time, there has been no professional to ask about the protection of cultural relics, which leads to the water cultural heritage being easily destroyed or lost.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is the largest water conservancy project in the world, among which the Wang Nan Water Diversion Project is located at the highest point of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and its high water diversion function and technical content shocked the world at that time. Later, the water was stopped and the project failed. In 1980s, the waterway layout and buildings of Wang Nan Hub were basically intact, but by the beginning of 20th century, the buildings and waterways were seriously damaged.
(three) the water management department has no protection and management authority.
Provincial, municipal, district, county and other government agencies have departments in charge of cultural relics protection, which are responsible for the protection and management of all kinds of cultural relics (material and cultural heritage) that have been assessed and determined. However, the water cultural heritage in the blank area cannot be protected and managed by the water authorities because there is neither authorization nor clear responsibilities and obligations. Therefore, it is easy to be transformed or destroyed in water conservancy construction or urban construction. Similar incidents are still happening. Recently, the ancient Gaobeidian gate, which will be listed on the Grand Canal Heritage List, was damaged to varying degrees in the process of developing tourism in nearby villages.
During the application for the World Heritage of the Grand Canal in China, experts from all walks of life who participated in the work personally experienced the inspection process and deeply felt the seriousness of the above problems. Fortunately, in the third national cultural heritage survey since 2006, unprotected water conservancy material cultural heritage was included in the registration scope. It plays a certain role in raising the awareness of water culture and promoting the protection of water cultural heritage in various places.
Second, the protection of water cultural heritage in Beijing area
Beijing Municipal Government attaches great importance to the protection of water cultural heritage. In the Tonghui River regulation project started in 1992 and the Beijing urban water system comprehensive regulation project started in 1998, the government water authorities adopted the expert opinions of the Water Conservancy History Research Association of China Water Conservancy Society and the Beijing Water Conservancy Society, invited water conservancy and cultural relics experts to conduct on-site investigation and demonstration, study protection schemes, and take measures to protect the water cultural heritage encountered in the construction. For example, the water cultural heritage of Tonghui River, such as Qingfengmen (No.2 Gate), Guangyuan Gate, Maizhongqiao, Changhe Old Road and Guangningmen Bridge, which were built in the Yuan Dynasty, has been protected by experts and approved by the government, which has improved the strength and quality of protection work. For example, the protection of Guangyuan Gate has always been known as the first gate of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal. Guangyuan sluice is a single-hole sluice with a hole width of 6 meters, which has a history of nearly 800 years. After the river is widened, the initial plan of the construction unit is to tear down one side wall and move it to the other side to rebuild it. Experts believe that although this has preserved part of the cultural relics, it has completely destroyed the original appearance. The final protection scheme is to bypass the waterway and keep Gu Men as a whole. Another example: the long river with a long history, the beautiful scenery in the northwest corner of Beijing, weeping willows planted on both sides, winding through the Zizhuyuan. Corresponding to the beautiful Temple of Heaven in the southeast corner of Beijing. During the construction, there was a widening and straightening scheme, which was proved by experts and basically preserved the original appearance of the ancient river channel.
These water cultural heritages have been preserved through the protection measures taken by the water authorities, but they have not been further demonstrated and evaluated, and the protection level has not yet been determined. They can only exist as a cultural landscape. In fact, if you can't formally become a protected unit, you will still have concerns about the safety of cultural heritage itself.
Thirdly, some suggestions on the protection of water cultural heritage.
Hu Jintao regards "the construction of traditional culture" as an important content in his exposition of advanced socialist culture in the report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Emphasize the task of "carrying forward Chinese culture and building a common spiritual home for the Chinese nation". And put forward specific requirements such as "fully understanding the traditional culture of the motherland", "attaching importance to the protection of cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage, doing a good job in sorting out cultural classics" and "enhancing the international influence of Chinese culture". The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has made clear the direction for how to carry forward water culture and protect water cultural heritage in the future. It provides a rare opportunity to improve the awareness of water culture and promote the protection of water cultural heritage.
In recent years, water cultural work has been fully promoted in the water conservancy system, and the leaders of the Ministry of Water Resources attach great importance to the protection of water cultural heritage and water cultural work. In the first water culture forum of the Ministry of Water Resources in 2009, Minister Chen Lei published an important article on water culture, which promoted the promotion of water culture to the strategic height of sustainable development of water conservancy. To establish a scientific and cultural outlook in work, we must start from specific work. Therefore, the following suggestions are put forward for the protection of water cultural heritage:
(1) Promote water culture to water conservancy workers and protect water cultural heritage.
At present, the water conservancy and water affairs departments of some provinces, cities and regions are actively working to strengthen the awareness of water culture and protect the material and intangible cultural heritage of water culture. For example, in 2000, Yuyao Water Conservancy Bureau of Zhejiang Province established a water conservancy archive; In 2002, based on the long-term planning, collection and protection of folk water conservancy cultural relics scattered in Shaoxing, Shaoxing Water Conservancy Bureau of Zhejiang Province restored and protected the canal around the city and its old road, and established the Canal Cultural Park. In 2009, Binzhou Water Affairs Bureau of Shandong Province extensively collected movable water cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage, and established Binzhou Water Culture Center with rich contents. In 2009, the Ministry of Water Resources built the China Water Conservancy Museum in Xiaoshan, Hangzhou. These are all powerful measures taken by water authorities at all levels to actively grasp the construction of water culture. It shows that water conservancy workers actively participate in and undertake the protection of water cultural heritage, and the water conservancy authorities have made contributions to the protection. The protection of water cultural heritage should be adhered to, can't wait, and can't be done by other departments.
It is suggested that the general survey of water conservancy material cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage should be included in the national general survey of water conservancy.
(b) Water authorities should participate in the protection and management of water cultural heritage.
In the past, all cultural heritages were basically protected and managed by the cultural relics department. From the analysis of the protection focus of the cultural relics department mentioned above, some cultural heritages under the jurisdiction of water conservancy have just been ignored. The reason may be that water conservancy projects are too professional, and many water cultural heritages are caused by projects that are still functioning and still in use.
According to this situation, the water authorities should take the initiative to intervene in the protection of water cultural heritage and jointly protect and manage it with the cultural relics authorities, which may be more beneficial.
(3) Suggestions on the protection and management of water conservancy cultural heritage in use.
According to the provisions of the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics revised in 2007, "valuable important historical sites, cultural relics and representative buildings in modern times" also belong to immovable material and cultural heritage. This means that some important and valuable water conservancy projects in use in modern times will also become the objects of cultural heritage protection.
Because most of these representative hydraulic structures in modern times are new cultural heritages that are playing a role, compared with the ancient cultural heritages that have lost their functions, they are very different in protection methods and management systems. It is suggested that the water department and the cultural relics department jointly evaluate and implement protection management in accordance with the requirements of water law, flood control law and cultural relics protection law.
(d) Pay attention to the protection of heritage and the integration of water culture factors in river ecological management.
Now, many cities are carrying out ecological river regulation. According to the experience of Beijing Yongding River ecological corridor construction planning, it is suggested that water cultural heritage should be given priority in the process of governance, and water cultural factors with basin characteristics should be integrated into ecological governance. Because pure ecological management can only restore green and ecological environment, thus showing "nature". If the river's water cultural heritage can be well protected and its cultural characteristics and landscape can be displayed in ecological management, it is to integrate the "soul" into the natural ecological environment and enhance the cultural taste of river management. It should be said that "the combination of water culture and ecological restoration" can make the river alive and restore the original historical features of the river more closely.