Whether it is a general type of single-choice question or a topic-based multiple-choice question, we must carefully examine two elements, namely, the conditions and the topic content.

1. Review the conditions for customs clearance: Generally speaking, the conditions include time, place (or country), field (including politics, economy, military affairs, diplomacy, ideology and culture) and people (such as Emperor Taizong). As far as time limit is concerned, there are usually four situations. First, there is a clear time limit, such as the forties and fifties, 186 1 year and so on. Second, there is an upper limit without a lower limit, such as the development of centralization of authority since the Qin Dynasty; Third, there is a lower limit without an upper limit, such as the outstanding characteristics of China's foreign relations before the middle of the Ming Dynasty; Fourth, the upper and lower limits are not clear, such as during the bourgeois revolution and the Revolution of 1911. When solving the problem of time limit, we must first accurately judge the upper and lower limits of time according to historical knowledge (that is, what I usually call time positioning). In recent years, topic-based multiple-choice questions appeared in literature and comprehensive papers, except for the time limit in the general sequence, each item has a designated concept, so to do this kind of multiple-choice questions, we should not only grasp the time limit in the general sequence, but also understand the time requirements of each item.

2. Review the answer questions. The answer topic refers to all kinds of materials provided by the test questions (the forms of materials are various, such as charts, cartoons, folk songs, historical sayings, novels, etc. ), this is the theme and mainstream value orientation that the proposer asks you to answer. After reviewing this requirement, the direction of choice is determined. Thematic multiple-choice questions, each small question has a different answer topic. The theme content can be the cause, content, purpose, characteristics, nature, result and influence of historical things. Pay attention to the direction of the answer when choosing. For example, this question requires you to answer the purpose of a measure, but you choose the option related to the objective function.

Second, non-multiple choice questions (including material analysis questions and essay questions): To do a good job of non-multiple choice questions, we should start from the following three aspects:

(A) grasp the six types of problems

In the college entrance examination questions, material analysis questions usually appear in the following six types: narrative, synthesis, explanation, comparison, criticism and openness. The following is a simple explanation of the six types of questions.

1, narrative. Narrative is a process (cause, process and result) of summarizing and synthesizing historical events (or historical phenomena) or major activities of historical figures from a historical perspective. Questions often require candidates to answer according to the materials and knowledge they have learned, or to extract arguments directly from the materials. Topics generally include tips such as "Brief Introduction", "Narration", "Overview" and "Trial Description". When answering questions, we should closely focus on the main activities of events or characters, sort out the scattered contents in the textbook as required, and pay attention to the re-understanding and reproduction of the textbook.

2. comprehensive type. Comprehensive type refers to the comprehensive examination of historical contents scattered in different chapters, different countries and different historical periods, which is not only convenient for examining the systematic connection between subject knowledge, but also pays attention to examining the thinking ability of analyzing and solving problems at multiple levels and angles. Judging from the method of solving problems, solving problems with two or more solutions is a synthesis of narration, demonstration, analysis and comparison. The outstanding characteristics of this kind of questions are the large span of content and high ability requirements.

3. descriptive. Explanatory non-multiple choice questions are to analyze and explain the nature of things or things (events). Problems often include words such as "trying to analyze, trying to explain, showing, reflecting and reflecting". This question mainly examines the ability of candidates to grasp the essence and laws of things and make correct explanations, as well as the thinking ability of multi-level and multi-angle analysis and problem solving.

4. comparative type. Comparative type is to compare and analyze two or more historical events (phenomena and figures) that are related to each other. According to different standards, it can be divided into four categories: single comparison and comprehensive comparison, horizontal comparison and vertical comparison, seeking common ground while seeking differences, qualitative comparison and quantitative comparison. This question mainly examines the thinking ability of candidates to analyze and solve problems at multiple levels and angles.

5. Annotation type. Commentary is to explain, judge and evaluate historical events (phenomena) and historical figures according to the basic principles of Marxism, and get a rational understanding that conforms to reality. The general requirement of this kind of questions is to comprehensively summarize and describe historical events (phenomena) and activities of historical figures, and then give an evaluation of historical materialism according to the specific situation at that time. Comments that combine different requirements can be divided into: evaluation and narration become the topic of comments; Combining with argumentation becomes a critical problem; Combine analysis to form evaluation questions. The tips of topics generally include comments, trial comments, comments, comments and comments. Pay attention to the background of the times and seek truth from facts when commenting.

6. open it. The answers to open questions are open, and students can make their own choices according to their knowledge structure, cognitive level, hobbies and values. Generally speaking, there are "What views (opinions) do you agree with", "Try to talk about …", "What is your understanding (experience) …" and "What is your understanding".

(2) "One, two, three" that must be grasped in the exam.

"One" refers to "a premise", that is, "to know and understand materials (especially charts and data)". It is necessary to clarify the main concepts and explain the main problems, and then figure out how icons and data represent concepts and explain problems.

"Two" refers to "two principles", namely "fully obtaining and utilizing effective information" and "connecting with teaching materials based on materials". The first is "fully obtaining and utilizing effective information". The so-called "effective information" refers to the content related to the problem, which is often the center or theme of the material. If you don't find effective information, you can't complete the requirements of the topic well and affect the score. Followed by "based on materials, contact with teaching materials." The perspective of the problems shown in the textbook is not necessarily the same as that of the textbook. For example, a textbook may mainly describe its positive side, while a textbook may show its limited side. To contact the teaching materials, the content reflected by the materials should be related to the relevant knowledge learned in the teaching materials, and the knowledge and viewpoints learned should be used for comments and analysis.

"Three" refers to the "three steps" to conceive the answer. That is, "take a look" to see how many questions there are; "Second check" to find out the subject (or item) and limitation in the question; "Three Answers" organize answers according to questions. When organizing answers, you must use "serial number", such as 1233.

(3) Answer the "five-character formula"-statement, discussion, analysis, comparison and comment.

"Narration" is narration. When answering questions, it is generally expressed by time sequence and causality, but it should be noted that the knowledge points required by the topic (1) must be involved, not expanded and not omitted. (2) For those with strong generality and long time span, the questions are divided into historical stages first, and then answered in stages.

"Theory" is argumentation. Argumentation must first judge the right and wrong of viewpoints and topics. There are two standards: one is the standard of practice and the other is the standard of theory. In order to set facts and reasons, we must first prove the correctness or error of opinions and propositions with sufficient facts, and then make corresponding explanations, conclusions or summaries. The answer emphasizes that listing historical facts should be full, comprehensive and convincing.

"Analysis" means analysis. Generally, you should answer "what" first, and then answer "why" on this basis. Candidates are required to analyze the causes and backgrounds of historical phenomena, time and historical figures in a specific historical environment and conditions from the perspective of dialectical materialism, reveal the essence of things, understand the laws of historical development, and summarize historical functions, influences and historical positions, so as to learn historical lessons.

"Comparison" means comparison. For problems with comparative projects, they can be compared as needed; Many candidates often don't know what to compare, how to compare questions and have no way to answer them without giving clear comparison items. Mastering the following methods and principles can make a complete comparison.

Methods: Focus on one thing or one person and list related items; Then compare it with another one.

Principle: (1) Compare the causes, background, historical conditions and purposes of historical phenomena. (2) Compare the content, characteristics, characteristics, nature and essence of historical phenomena. (3) Compare the causes, historical functions, status, influences and lessons of things.

"Comment" refers to comments, evaluations, comments, etc. If you want to comment correctly, you must: (1) Look at the problem with dialectical materialism. (2) The position of commenting on the problem should be correct. (3) Comments should be based on facts.

Appendix 1: Formulaic mode of analyzing historical things

1, historical background = (domestic+international) (economy+politics+culture+...)

(1) economic background = productivity+relations of production+economic structure+economic pattern+ ...

(2) Political background = political situation+system+system+policy+class+nationality+diplomacy+military+ ...

(3) Cultural background = ideology, religion+science and technology+education+ ...

2. Historical conditions: basically the same as background analysis, with more emphasis on favorable and positive factors.

3. Cause breadth: Cause = subjective (internal cause)+objective (external cause)

⑴ Subjective reasons: the initiation of the event, economic, political and ideological factors within the participants.

⑵ Objective reasons: natural, social environment, external economic, political and ideological factors.

The breadth and background analysis methods are basically the same, the background focuses on static analysis, and the reasons focus more on dynamic analysis.

4. Depth of cause: cause: → direct → main → fundamental.

(1) Direct cause: the most direct accidental factor (fuse, excuse, etc. ) causes the event to happen.

⑵ Main reasons: including subjective and objective factors that triggered the incident.

(3) Roots: historical trends (development of productive forces, requirements of the times)+subjective needs, etc.

There are both hierarchical differences and contact infiltration between them. For example, the direct cause of the May 4th Movement was the failure of China's diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference. The main reasons involved various contradictions at home and abroad at that time, including imperialist aggression, the dark rule of Beiyang warlords, the development of national capitalism, the growth of the proletariat, the influence of the October Revolution, the spread of Marxism and other factors. The root cause is the deepest factor among the main causes.

5. Contradiction analysis: contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, contradiction between economic base and superstructure, class contradiction, intra-class contradiction, ethnic contradiction, religious contradiction and contradiction between different interest groups. ...

Finally, remind students of several points for attention:

1, the text expression of the answer

Basic methods: first, the written expression should be correct, neatly arranged and properly spaced; Second, sentences should be fluent, plain and accurate; Third, the form should be "three-oriented", that is, paragraphs, questions and paragraphs, which are concise and intuitive; Key points, one sentence for each score; Serial number, clear, clear at a glance.

2. Determination methods of comparison projects

Basic methods: The concept of historical figures can be divided into nationality, age, title, main activities, evaluation and other elements. The concept of historical events can be divided into background, time, space, subject, process, meaning and other elements. Historical factors belong to the concept of historical phenomena, which are basically the same as those of historical events, but the process should be changed to the main content or performance. The concept of historical system can be divided into background, time, maker, main content and evaluation. Knowledge belonging to historical revolution can be divided into revolutionary tasks, organizational leadership, struggle program, main forces, methods, nature and results. The knowledge structure that belongs to the result and influence of historical revolution includes progressiveness and limitation.

3. Analyze and evaluate the solutions to the causes of social and economic development in ancient China.

Basic methods: To analyze the causes of social and economic development, we can generally start from the following aspects: First, productivity factors, including the improvement of production tools and technology, water conservancy construction, astronomical calendar progress, labor input and so on. Second, the factors of production relations, including the establishment of new modes of production, the adjustment of land policy and the influence of peasant uprising on the landlord class; Third, the factors of superstructure, including centralization, the protection and encouragement of the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, the reaction of religious and cultural systems to economic development, and fourth, whether foreign relations and ethnic relations are conducive to economic development; The fifth is to look at social and environmental factors, whether the country is unified and stable; Sixth, the factors of natural geographical conditions.

4. Answers to open-ended questions.

Basic method: To answer open-ended questions, we must be clear: what matters is not what kind of views we hold, but whether we can reasonably demonstrate our own views, that is, whether the arguments are logical, whether the materials and opinions are unified, and whether the reasons are sufficient. Therefore, to answer such questions, we must first determine the point of view.

Secondly, we should fully support the viewpoint by summarizing and refining the historical facts, and try our best to avoid omitting the supporting points of the viewpoint. Third, we should combine history with theory, with arguments and evidence. Fourth, the discussion should be comprehensive. For example, while affirming the positive role, the topic should point out the negative role and avoid absolutization.

5. How to answer the question "What does it mean" in the subjective question?

Basic method: What the answer expounds is actually the ability to grasp the essence of history and reveal the law of historical development. The answer is that it can be done this way. (1) What is the purpose of this struggle? What is the function of progress or retrogression? (2) Is the failure of this struggle a historical necessity or an accident? (3) if it is accidental, it means that the struggle is tortuous and complicated, and further conditions should be created; If it is inevitable, it means that this struggle can't be realized at all, which is a fantasy.

6, discuss the solution of the problem and the method of combining history with theory:

Basic method: There are generally three steps to answer essay questions. First of all, before the formal answer, list the simple outline of this essay on the draft paper. Secondly, follow the following steps: first, judge right or wrong, express your own views or extract valid information conclusions with sufficient historical basis; Second, list historical facts and explain your views at different levels. In this step, we should pay attention to the decomposition of the parent viewpoint (that is, the general viewpoint) into several sub-viewpoints and demonstrate them with the historical facts we have. The development of viewpoints should be hierarchical, from the outside to the inside, from the shallow to the deep, interlocking and logical. Moreover, every viewpoint must be supported by historical facts, so that history and theory can be closely combined. The combination of history and theory to solve problems mainly refers to the need to have appropriate historical facts as the basis of argument and bright views as the guidance of argument; Adhere to the principle of "coming from history and going to history". "Coming from the history of China" means extracting thoughts from historical facts, and "going to history" means controlling historical facts with thoughts and unifying them. Third, we should sum up and sublimate our own views (mainly to improve our level of seeing problems and reflect our level of knowledge connection). Finally, pay attention: don't list the main points in the essay. It's best not to add serial numbers, such as 123, but to use paragraphs to reflect your level of answering questions.