1952, Dutch veterans also joined the Paralympic Games, so the International Federation of Stoke mandeville Games (ISMGF) was established, and the International Paralympic Games was held in Stoke mandeville, England for the first time. At that time, only 130 athletes from two countries participated. After that, the event was fixed, and the international Stoke mandeville Games was held every year. By 1959, eight international games for the disabled have actually been held.
After two years' careful planning by Sir Ludwig guttmann of Britain and Professor antonia Mario of Italy, two weeks after the end of the 1960 Rome Olympic Games, 400 disabled athletes from 23 countries participated in the first Paralympic Games held in Rome. This Games was later officially recognized as the 9th International Stoke mandeville Games. It was not until 1984 that the IOC officially approved the name of "Paralympic Games".
In order to ensure the competition as fair, just and safe as possible, athletes' disabilities and athletic ability should be evaluated according to a set of pre-established classification and grading standards when participating in the Paralympic Games, and athletes with similar disabilities and athletic ability should be grouped together as far as possible according to the requirements of specific events.
Basic classification of disabled people:
Visual disability (IBSA): It is divided into three grades, B 1, B2, B3.
Cerebral palsy (CP-ISRA): divided into 8 grades, 1-4 (sitting in a chair) and 5-8 (not sitting in a chair).
Spinal cord injury (ISMWSF-I WAS): divided into 8 grades, 1A, 1B, 1C (quadriplegia), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (paraplegia).
Amputation and other limb disabilities (ISOD-IWAS): Amputation is divided into 9 grades, A 1-A9. Other physical disabilities are divided into six levels, L 1-L6.
From 1964, the IOC decided that the country hosting the Summer Olympic Games would host the Paralympic Games, but the venue might not be the same city. Until 1988, the International Olympic Committee made a new regulation that the Summer Olympic Games and Paralympic Games must be held in the same city.
1982, the International Coordinating Committee of the World Sports Organization for the Disabled was established, and the International Olympic Committee recognized it as the sports management body for the disabled. The events set up at the Paralympic Games need its approval.
As time goes by, disabled sports need stronger international organizations. From 65438 to 0989, with the active support of the International Disabled Sports Foundation, six organizations under the International Coordinating Committee for Disabled Sports (ICC) jointly established the International Paralympic Committee. The main tasks of the IPC are to form an organization representing disabled athletes internationally, to grant disabled people the right to host the Olympic Games, to supervise and assist the Olympic Games, to expand opportunities for disabled people to participate in sports and improve their sports performance, and to integrate disabled people's sports into international sports.
On June 9, 2000, the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee reached a new agreement: starting from the 2008 Summer Paralympics and the 20 10 Winter Paralympics, the Paralympics will not only be held in the same city after the Olympic Games, but also use the same stadiums and facilities.
Paralympics has gone through a glorious course of continuous development and growth for more than 40 years, from 400 athletes from 23 countries to 3,824 athletes from 122 countries and regions in 2000, which not only marks the development of the times, but also reflects the progress of human social civilization!
The origin of the Olympic Games
Legend: The ancient Olympic Games was a regular sports activity to worship Zeus. Another legend is related to Hercules, the son of Zeus. Heracles is known as "Hercules" because of its great strength. He finished the task that ordinary people couldn't finish in Elis city-state, and cleaned the king's cowshed full of cow dung in less than half a day, but the king didn't want to honor his promise of giving away 300 cows, so Herakler drove the king away in a fit of pique. To celebrate his victory, he held a sports meeting at the Olympic Games.
The most popular story about the origin of the ancient Olympic Games is Pelops's marriage. In order to choose a husband who is both civil and military for his daughter, Elis, the king of ancient Greece, proposed that the candidate must compete with himself in the chariot. In the competition, 13 youths were killed by the king's spear, 14 youths were Pelops, the grandson of Zeus and the sweetheart of the princess. Encouraged by love, he bravely accepted the king's challenge and finally won with wisdom. To celebrate this victory, Pelops and the princess held a grand wedding in front of the temple of Zeus in Olympia. At the meeting, chariots, gladiators and other competitions were arranged. This was the original ancient Olympic Games, and Pelops became the legendary founder of the ancient Olympic Games.
The origin of the Olympic Games is actually closely related to the social situation in ancient Greece. In the 9th-8th century BC, the Greek clan society gradually disintegrated, the slave society of city-state system gradually formed, and more than 200 city-states were established. City-states are fragmented, there is no unified monarch, and wars between city-states continue. In order to cope with the war, every city-state actively trains its own soldiers. The children of the Spartan city-state were raised by the state from the age of seven, engaged in sports and military training, and lived a military life. War needs soldiers, soldiers need strong bodies, and sports is a powerful means to train soldiers who can fight. The war promoted the development of Greek sports, and the events of the ancient Olympic Games also had obvious military brand. The people are disgusted with the continuous war and generally long for a peaceful environment to recuperate. Later, the King of Sparta and the King of Elis signed the "Holy Truce Month" treaty. As a result, the military training and sports competitions to prepare for the troops have gradually become games of peace and friendship.
In 776 BC, the Greeks stipulated that the Olympic Games should be held every four years. During the sports meeting, all Greek athletes and nearby citizens gathered in Olympia, a scenic town in southern Greece. In 776 BC, the first Olympic Games was held here, and Dorian Klose won the 192.27 meter sprint. He became the first winner of the first event in the International Olympic Games.
Later, the scale of the ancient Greek Games gradually expanded and became a grand event to show the national spirit. The winner of the competition can get a wreath of laurel, wild olive and palm. From 776 BC to 394 AD, after 1 170 years, the 293rd ancient Olympic Games were held. It was banned by the Roman emperor in 394 AD.
1875 ~ 188 1 year, Kutius in Germany excavated cultural relics in Olympic sites, which aroused the interest of the whole world. Therefore, Pierre De Coubertin, a French educator, believes that it is of great significance to restore the tradition of the ancient Greek Olympic Games to promote the development of international sports. Under his advocacy and active running, the first international sports conference was held in Paris in June 1894. The International Sports Congress decided to call the world-wide comprehensive games the Olympic Games, and held the first modern Olympic Games in Athens, once every four years, in turn in all member countries.
By 2004, 28 Olympic Games had been held. In 2008, the 29th session will be held in Beijing, China.
The first Olympic Charter initiated and formulated by Coubertin was adopted at the Paris International Conference in June 1894. It involves the basic purposes, principles and other related matters of the Olympic Movement. 192 1 The Olympic Games in Lausanne formulated the Olympic Law, including the Olympic Charter, the Constitution of the International Olympic Committee, the Rules and Protocols of the Olympic Games, the General Rules for Hosting the Olympic Games and the Rules of the Olympic Parliament. Over the past decades, the Olympic Law has been revised and supplemented many times, but the basic principles and spirit formulated by Coubertin have not changed.
1900, at the second Olympic Games held in Paris, 1 1 women broke the ban and appeared on the sports ground. After several arguments, the International Olympic Committee finally passed the resolution to allow women to participate in the Olympic Games at the 22nd meeting of 1924. Since then, women's events have become an indispensable part of the Olympic Games, and more and more female athletes have participated in it.
With the development of the Olympic Movement, the International Olympic Committee has formulated many regulations. 19 13, according to Coubertin's idea, the International Olympic Committee designed the Olympic flag with a boundless white background and five interlocking rings in the middle. The colors of the five rings are sky blue, yellow, black, green and red. The five rings symbolize the unity of the five continents, and athletes from all over the world gather in the Olympic Games with fair and frank competition and friendly spirit. 19 14 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the restoration of the modern Olympic movement, the Olympic flag was used for the first time in the Olympic Games held in Paris. 1920 during the Antwerp Olympic games, the first five-ring flag was raised in the stadium. Since then, the flag handover ceremony and flag-raising ceremony have been held in the opening ceremonies of previous Olympic Games. In order to publicize the Olympic spirit and encourage athletes, Coubertin proposed in 19 13 and was approved by the International Olympic Committee, taking "swifter, higher and stronger" as the Olympic motto. 1908 When the London Olympic Games was held, the Archbishop of Pennsylvania in the United States said in his sermon at the religious ceremony of the Olympic Games held in St. Paul's Cathedral that "it is important to participate in the Olympic Games, not to win". Coubertin appreciated this sentence very much and quoted it many times in the future. Therefore, many people think that this sentence should become an Olympic ideal. Athletes' oath will be implemented from the 7th Olympic Games of 1920. 1968 Olympic Games added the oath of referee. At the 1936 1 1 Olympic Games, the IOC officially stipulated that the Olympic flame symbolizing light, friendship and unity should be lit at the main venue. Since then, this activity has become one of the indispensable ceremonies for the opening ceremony of each Olympic Games. Before the Olympic Games, the torch was lit by the sunlight gathered by concave mirror near the temple of the Greek goddess Hera (the wife of Zeus) in Olympia, and then carried on the torch relay and arrived in the host city the day before the opening of the Olympic Games. At the opening ceremony, the athletes of the host country lit the flame on the tower with the last stick, and the flame went out at the closing ceremony.