The development of Beihai Garden began in Liao Dynasty, and the Jin Dynasty built the magnificent Taining Palace in the 19th year of Dading (1 179). Taining Palace followed the rule of "one pool and three mountains" in China Royal Garden, and moved the Taihu Stone in Bianjing Genyue Royal Garden in the Northern Song Dynasty to Qionghua Island. In the 4th year of Yuan Dynasty (1267), Kublai Khan in Yuan Shizu built Qionghua Island as the capital city, and Qionghua Island and its lakes were incorporated into the imperial city, named Wanshou Mountain and Taiye Pool. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), the Ming Dynasty officially moved its capital to Beijing, and Wanshou Mountain and Taiyechi became the royal gardens on the west side of the Forbidden City, called Xiyuan. In the Ming dynasty, the water surface opened to the south, forming a pattern of three seas. The Qing Dynasty inherited the Xiyuan of the Ming Dynasty, and carried out a large-scale reconstruction of Beihai during the Qianlong period, which laid the foundation for the subsequent scale and pattern.
After the Revolution of 1911, Beihai was opened as a park. 1925. 1949 after the founding of new China, the party and the government attached great importance to the protection of Beihai Park and allocated huge sums of money to repair it. 196 1 was announced by the State Council as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in the park.
Beihai is an artistic masterpiece of China's historical gardens. The whole park covers an area of 69 hectares (including 39 hectares of water surface), which is mainly composed of Qionghua Island, East Coast and North Coast scenic spots. Qionghua Island has lush trees, rows of halls and pavilions. The White Pagoda stands on the top of the mountain and becomes a symbol of the park. The weeping willows around the lake set off many famous scenic spots such as Haopujian, Huafangzhai, Jingxinzhai, Tianwang Hall, Kuaixuetang, Jiulongbi, Wulong Pavilion and Xiaoxitian. Gardens in Beihai are rich in knowledge, majestic in northern gardens and elegant in private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River.
Beihai is adjacent to the Forbidden City and Jingshan Mountain in the east, China Sea and South China Sea in the south, Sheng Xing Palace and Longfu Palace in the west and Shichahai in the north. It is the first of the former "Three Seas" with the most beautiful scenery in Beijing. Beihai is the oldest and most completely protected Forbidden City in China. It has a unique artistic style of gardening and is one of the most precious human cultural heritages in ancient gardens in China.
Landscape architecture with a long history.
The total area of Beihai is 1063 mu, with 583 mu of water surface and 480 mu of land. Here, the water is beautiful, the lake is shaded by towers, the pines and cypresses are fragrant, the flowers and trees are fragrant, the pavilions and terraces are colorful, which is better than the fairyland. Beihai Garden was built according to the fairyland described in China's ancient fairy tale "The Legend of the Queen Mother of the West". After Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it gradually formed today's pattern. During the Warring States Period, it was also said that there were three fairy mountains, namely Pengcai, Yingzhou and Abbot, east of the Bohai Sea, where immortals lived and stored pills. In 22 1 year BC, after Qin Shihuang unified China, Xu Fu, an alchemist, and others took thousands of virgins across the ocean to look for the elixir of life in three "fairy mountains". Lanchi Palace has a pond hundreds of miles long. The soil is Pengcaishan, and the stone is carved into a whale, which is 200 feet long. In the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made the same mistake and still failed to find the fairy mountain, so he decided to dig a big pool after Zhanggong Palace was built and named it Taiye Pool. Three mountains were piled up in the excavated mud pond, symbolizing the three fairy mountains of Pengcai, Yingzhou and Abbot. Since then, emperors of all dynasties have built "one pool and three mountains" near the palace, and Beihai Forest was also built by inheriting this tradition. Beihai and Zhongnan are still Tai liquid pools, Qionghua Island is like "Pengcai", Tuancheng is like "Yingzhou", and Zhonghai rhinoceros mountain platform is like "abbot". Today, we can not only see fairyland-like pavilions and pavilions on Qionghua Island, but also see the legendary fairy island scenery such as shrine, Lugong Cave and Copper Fairy Dew Plate. Beihai not only retains the basic form of realizing the fantastic artistic conception of Fairy Palace, the peak in history, but also integrates the achievements of China temple gardens, Jiangnan literati gardens and religious scenic spots into the whole palace. It has a large scale, a long history and superb artistic achievements. It is indeed a masterpiece in the royal gardens of China.
The history of Beihai 1000 years is closely related to the development of Beijing. At first, it was the old road of Yongding River, and the river naturally moved south, leaving a Yuan Ye and a pond. As early as the Liao Dynasty, after the capital Yanjing was established in the first year of Huitong (938), Ye Luduang, Emperor Taizong of Liao Dynasty, built the "Yao Yu Palace" in the "Bailiantan" (that is, Beihai) in the northeast suburb of the city, and the "Guanghan Hall" was built on the top of the island. Note in Liao History: "There is a cool hall (namely Guanghan Hall) at the top of the west city, and Yanjiao Building, Fangshi and Guan Jing in the northeast corner, and the list is endless." Wu Hongbei's Tu Ping Classic records that Qionghua Island was Yao Island in Liao Dynasty. All the above historical facts can explain the existence of "Yao Yu Palace".
After Jin destroyed Liao, Yanjing was changed to Zhongdu. The following year (1 150), King Jin Hailing expanded the Yaoyu Palace and added the Great Bear Hall. From the third year to the nineteenth year of Jin Dading (1163-1179), Jin Shizong modeled itself on Genyue Garden, the capital of Beizong (now Kaifeng, Henan), and built Qionghua Island, and a large number of Taihu rocks were transported from Genyue Imperial Garden to build rockery caves, which were located in the northeast of Zhongdu. Since then, Beihai has basically formed the pattern of today's palace. At that time, the soil dug into the "Golden Sea" was expanded into islands and hills around the sea. The island is called Qionghua Island, and the water is called Xihuatan. Buildings such as Guanghantang have been rebuilt.
In A.D. 1264, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu decided to choose a new location in the northeast suburb of Old Zhongdu and build a metropolis. From the first year of Zhiyuan to the eighth year of Zhiyuan (1264- 127 1), Kublai Khan expanded Qionghua Island three times and rebuilt Guanghan Hall. Guanghan Temple is wide from east to west 120 feet, deep 62 feet and high 50 feet. There are seven halls, where the emperor meets. In the temple, a "mundane mountain and jade sea" (now a jade urn in Beihai and Yuanbao), a "jade hall" and a "jade couch in Wuyue" (now Taipei) were placed, and a jade rockery was built, with a ringing iron hanging from the top of the hall. In the hall, there are two small stalagmites. They have their own faucets, spraying the lake water lifted from the back of the mountain by the water truck. It can be seen that Guanghan Temple at that time was magnificent, exquisite and luxurious. In the eighth year of Zhiyuan (127 1), Qionghua Island was renamed "Wanshou Mountain" (also known as "Wanshou Mountain"). With Qionghua Island as the center, palaces will be built on the east and west sides of the lake to build Beihai into a magnificent royal garden.
A.D. 1368 Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang made Nanjing his capital. This year, General Xu Da occupied most of the cities, and most of them were renamed as "Beiping". After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, Judy, the prince of Yan, launched the "Battle of the South of Beijing", seized the throne from his nephew and moved the capital from Nanjing to Peiping, renamed it "Beijing".
On the basis of Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty expanded and repaired Beihai, but basically maintained the pattern of Beihai in Yuan Dynasty. During the reign of Xuande in the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zhanji (1426- 1435) expanded and renovated the "Long Live Mountain" on a large scale, restored the Yitian Temple in Yuanlou (now Tuancheng), built the Rhinoceros Mountain Hall on the island south of Yuanlou, and demolished the bridge to fill the earth east of Tuancheng. Tomorrow in the second year of Shun (1458), the "Tai Su Hall" will be built on the north shore of Beihai (now Wulong Pavilion). Because it is made of tin, it is also called "Tin Temple" and "Summer Palace". It takes more than 3,000 craftsmen and 202,000 silver to build this temple. Building "Ninghetang" on the east coast; Build a "Cui Ying Hall" in the West Bank. The eight-hole stone bridge in the west of Tuancheng (where there is a suspension bridge) was changed to a nine-hole stone bridge, which is called Jin Ao Yuchong East Bridge. Buildings such as the Showa Hall have been built on the newly excavated Yingtai in the South China Sea.
In the seventh year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1579), the Guanghan Temple on the "Long Live Mountain", which experienced four dynasties and more than 600 years of wind and rain, collapsed, and the main landscape architecture of the Heaven Palace on earth was completely annihilated, which became an eternal regret.
1644, Li Zicheng invaded Beijing, Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself, the Ming Dynasty perished, the Qing army entered the customs, and the world was built in Beijing. What a coincidence. 165 1 year, for the sake of national harmony, Fu Lin, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, built a Tibetan-style white pagoda on the abandoned site of Guanghan Temple at the request of the Tibetan Lama, and built the "White Pagoda Temple" in front of the pagoda (Zhengjue Hall is the mountain gate). Because the Lama Pagoda was built on the island, the name of the mountain was changed to "Baita Mountain". During the sixth to thirty-sixth year of Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty (174 1 year-177 1 year), Beihai was extensively renovated and expanded, which lasted for 30 years and many pavilions and pavilions were built. Qing Qianlong claimed that "the joy in the garden is unforgettable", so he introduced the essence of Jiangnan gardens, literati freehand brushwork and landscape gardens into the palace, and successively built "gardens in the garden" such as Jingxinzhai, Fanghuazhai and Haopujian in Beihai. From the 11th year to 14th year of Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty (1885- 1888), Nala (Cixi) rebuilt the "Three Seas" building with naval funds, laid the first railway in China along the lake in the west bank and the north bank, and built a small railway station in front of Jingxin Zhai for Cixi to visit the garden by train. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing and the North Sea was trampled. The Allied Command was set up in the Chengguan Hall on the north bank, and more than 65,438+00,000 gold buddhas and other treasures in the Wanfo Building were looted.
After the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the Qing Dynasty, Beihai Park was closed for more than 10 years, and the garden buildings were slightly repaired before it was officially opened as a park in August 1925.
1949 After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the ancient Beihai was completely renewed by dredging lakes, maintaining ancient buildings, laying tunnels and increasing public service facilities.