I. Origin of surname:

The first origin: from Ji surname, from Lao Yangzi, the founder of Taoism in the Spring and Autumn Period, belonging to the name of the ancestor.

Lao Yoko, also known as Yongji, Li Yong, Lao Zi, Lao Dan, Lao Jun, Lao Laizi, Lao Peng, Peng Zu, Tai Shizhen, etc.

Old Yoko, from 630 BC to 470 BC, was nicknamed Yoko, Bo Yang, Laozi (a scholar), or Laojun and Pengdi (now Kaifeng, Henan). Later, Wang Zichao went to Qurenli, Chu with the scriptures, and was called Lao Laizi. Because the fief was in Pengdi of Yong State, later generations also called him Lao Peng or Peng Zu.

According to legend, the old Yoko was born with white eyebrows and a beard, so he was later called "Laozi". According to legend,

Old Yangzi, who lived in the Spring and Autumn Period, was a famous thinker in ancient China and the originator of Taoist school. His theory was later developed by Zhuang Zhou. The descendants of Taoism, China's state religion, all respect Lao Yangzi as their teacher, which is on a par with Confucius. According to historical records, Confucius studied under Laozi.

Lao Yangzi was once an ordinary family and a royal family during the reign of Zhou Jing and Wang Jigui. The history book "Zuo Zhuan Ding Gong Four Years" records: "Wu Wang's mother and brother are eight, Zhou Gong is the slaughter, Shu Kang is the sheep herder, Ji is the Yong, and the fifth uncle has no official." So the old Yoko family inherited the status of the Zhou Dynasty until the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. There is also a record in Historical Records, Guan Cai Shi Jia: "When the king of Wu collapsed, he became king and royal family, and the season was set in nature." Jean valjean is the exiled country, so Ji is also called the exiled season, that is, the king of the exiled country. Lao Yoko is the heir to this fact, so she is also called the old gentleman. After the "single family took Zhou", Lao Yoko left Zhou, went to Qin State to seek ancestral home, and died in Qin State.

Legend has it that old Yoko lived a long life and died at the age of 160. Afterwards, all the neighbors came to offer their condolences. An old man crying is like crying his son; Crying less is like crying mom. Thinking of Lao Tzu's great virtue and great kindness of being obedient to the people and people's feelings, not competing with the world, and being kind to others, all of them fell into grief. However, Qin Yi, a close friend of Lao Yang Zi, came to pay his respects and brought the spirit of Lao Zi. He didn't kneel or worship, only worshipped three times and cried three times.

When Qin Yi wanted to turn around and go back, everyone stopped and asked, "Are you a good friend of Lao Tzu?"

Qin Yi replied; "Of course."

Everyone asked again, "Since you are a good friend of Laozi, why are you so ungrateful?"

Qin Yi asked, "Why not?"

When everyone heard this, they were very angry and asked loudly, "What is the reason?"

Qin Gui said with a smile, "My friend Lao Dan has a saying, whether he likes death or not. Can you smell it? In the past, life in Lao Dan started from scratch, and it was formed by gathering gas. It comes at the right time and conforms to the laws of nature. What is joy? Today, it is natural that Lao Dan's death has vanished from existence to nothingness and kept pace with the times. What's so sad? People who are born happy think they are unhappy and unhappy; Those who die sad think they are sad because they are not sad. Cherish life when you are released, and fear death when you die. Are forced to live by their own will, forced to die, but also responsible for their feelings. If peace and harmony prevail, sadness and joy cannot enter. What about going against nature, against heaven and obeying the Tao? In the way, can you be Lao Dan's friend? Lao Dan is a good friend. He will do what he says and what he says. Since I am a friend of Lao Dan, I can be physical and chemical, so I am not sad. "

Hearing this, they seem to realize something. Then they asked, "If you are not sad, why did you cry three times?"

Qin Yi said with a smile, "I cried three times, not out of sadness, but to say goodbye to Lao Dan. 1, it is natural to say that life is at the right time. Second, when it comes to his death, it is natural; No.3 is supposed to be natural inaction in the world. When Lao Dan raised his foot to respond, he stopped and joined the road. Why am I sad? "

When everyone heard this, they all said, "This Qin Gui is really a friend of Lao Dan!" Therefore, he was chosen as the main undertaker. During the burial, Qin Gui sang a eulogy: "The Great Sage of Lao Dan, for heaven's sake, went to Datong and lived forever." Later generations will call this the "coffin-covering theory" of Lao Yoko.

Lao Tzu, written by Lao Yangzi, has been passed down through the ages, which is what later generations call the Tao Te Ching.

The Tao Te Ching, which people see now, was called Zhou Shu by Han Feizi in the Warring States Period, Shangzhi Jing by Lu Chunqiu in the Qin Dynasty and Laozi in the early Han Dynasty.

During the period of Liu Qi, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Huang Zi and Laozi changed the word "Zi" to "Jing", and it was not until Sima Qian wrote "Historical Records" that he called "Laozi wrote a book to express moral meaning." Therefore, later generations called Lao Tzu the Tao Te Ching. Yang Xiong said in History of Shu Wang Ji Nian: "Laozi wrote the Tao Te Ching for Guan Yinxi", and recorded in the historical book "Laozi's Frontier Inscription": "When I was forced, I left my Tao Te Ching behind."

The earliest title of Laozi in history is Zhou Shu written by Han Feizi. During the Zhou Dynasty, Jin called it "the cultivation of righteous books", while Zhou Tianzi called it "the establishment of righteous laws". Recently, in the archaeology of Zhengdian Village, Guoyang County, Anhui Province, Laozi's residence in Chu State was unearthed, including Guanyin Tomb, Virgin Tomb, stone statue of sage Laozi, and ceramic shaft lining fragments in the Spring and Autumn Period, with mixed words.

The ideological core of Laozi's Tao Te Ching is inaction. Laozi explained the evolution of all things in the universe by Tao, and thought that "Tao gives birth to one, two, three and three things" and "Tao" is "husband's fate is unnatural", so "man should be in the ground, the ground should be in the sky, the sky should be in the Tao, and the Tao should be natural" and "Tao" is an objective natural law, and it has the eternal significance of "independence and no danger".

Lao Yangzi's book Laozi contains many simple dialectical views, such as that everything has two sides, and the "movement of Tao" can be transformed from opposition, "the right is strange, the good is evil" and "the disaster is a blessing, and the blessing is hidden". He also believes that everything in the world is the unity of "being" and "nothing", and "being and nothing" are the foundation, and "everything in the world is born of something and born of nothing". "The way of heaven, the loss is more than enough, but the way of man is not, and the loss is not enough"; "People's hunger is as much as food tax"; "People die lightly, but they live on it"; "People are not afraid of death. Why are you afraid of death?" .

Lao Yangzi's theory has a far-reaching influence on the development of China's philosophy. His philosophy is broad and profound, advocating arguing without arguing, knowing without creating, and being king, with the aim of perfecting social spirit and opportunity construction. He is a rare master of social dialectical logic at all times. His philosophical thoughts and the Taoist school he founded not only made important contributions to the development of China's ancient ideology and culture, but also had a far-reaching impact on the development of world philosophical thoughts.

In the first year of the reign of Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty (BC 140), Dong Zhongshu, a great scholar, put forward the following countermeasures: "Those who are not the subjects of the Six Arts and the techniques of Confucius should try their best not to advance." In the same year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took the advice of Wei Wan, the prime minister, and deposed the sages of "treating Shen, Shang, Han Fei, Su Qin and Zhang Yi". At that time, Wei Wan didn't directly criticize Huang Lao's words, but Dou Taihou, the grandmother of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty who was good at Huang Lao's way, strongly opposed it, and used it as an excuse to put Zhao Wan, an ancient physician who advocated Confucianism, and Wang Zang, a doctor, in prison. Although the Confucian forces were temporarily hit, in the fifth year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (BC 136), Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty set up a doctor of Five Classics, which made the Confucian classics more complete.

In the sixth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 135), Dou Taihou died, and Emperor Wu immediately appointed Tian Fen, who was good at Confucianism, as Prime Minister. After Tian Fen came to power, with the support of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, he got rid of all the doctors and doctors who couldn't cure the Five Classics of Confucianism, excluded Huang Lao's criminal name and the words of a hundred schools from official studies, and recruited hundreds of people with courtesy. This is the famous "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".

After the exclusive respect for Confucianism, all the officials in the Han Dynasty came from Confucian scholars, and Confucianism developed rapidly and became the feudal orthodoxy that ruled the people for more than 2,000 years. This situation is very unfavorable to the development of China's academic culture, but under the feudal social conditions, it is very beneficial to the strengthening of centralization and autocracy and the unification of the country.

In the process of "deposing a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty completely subverted the "inaction" of Huang Lao in the previous calendar. Therefore, he called the old Yoko half "the season of demotion" and renamed it "Li Er".

Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, history could not be called "Li Er".

It is said that among Li Er's descendants, some people take their ancestors' names as surnames, which are called Er's.

This book is based on:

Li Er is the ancestor of Er's family, which is an example of the origin of Dajue surname. "Li Er" is called the disparaging drama of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and once no one dared to take it as his surname. The demise of the Han Dynasty, or some people took it as their surname, is not recorded in detail. Therefore, this source needs further study.

The second origin: from Ji surname, from Er after the Warring States and Wei Dynasties, belonging to the ancestral name.

According to the history book "Shi Yuan", "The surname of Er is Wei, and the country of Wei is like Er."

Like ears. He was a doctor and a famous saint of Wei during the Warring States Period.

In the 19th year of Ji Yan, King Zhou Hao (in the 8th year of Kevin·Z, Ivy, in 296 BC), Wei Chengling, Junwei Zhuangxin and General Zhai Zhang led Wei Jun to conquer the whole country and even the second city. Wei Sijun, the monarch of Wei, was so worried that he couldn't sleep well. All day, he and his ministers considered how to retreat from the enemy. Some ministers suggested asking Er Ru to intercede for the country.

Er Ru was a doctor of Wei, but he opposed unlimited war, so he readily accepted Wei Sijun's request and confidently said to Wei Sijun, "Your Majesty, don't worry, I can not only let Wei Sijun withdraw, but also dismiss Wei Chenglingjun."

Wei Sijun's face lit up behind him and said happily, "If Mr. Wang can really do it, I would like to serve my country for generations."

After that, Er Ru began to implement his strategy. I went to see Cheng first and told him: "In the past, the Wei State crusaded against Zhao, broke the narrow path and captured blood stasis. The governors unanimously agreed to split Zhao. However, Zhao did not perish because of this. This is because Wei is the head of the princes and has the heart of forgiveness. Now, Wei has been hit by Wei and is on the verge of extinction. He would ask the minister to return to Qin to save his life. I think it is better for Wei to release Wei than Qin. In this case, Guo Wei will always be grateful to Guo Wei. Do you think what I said makes sense? "

Upon hearing this, Wei Chengling thought it over carefully and thought that Er Ru's words made sense, so he readily agreed.

Then, Er Ru met King Ai of Wei again and said to him, "Your Majesty, I went to see Wei Jun. Wei Jun was originally a member of the Zhou royal family. Although it is a small country, there are many treasures in China. Now, although Guo Wei is in danger, he still refuses to hand over those jewels, because they think in their hearts that it is not up to you to attack Guo Wei or release him. Therefore, even if it is a treasure, it will definitely not fall into your hands. Privately, I think those who first suggested to you to forgive Wei Jun must have accepted Guo Wei's bribe. "

King Ai of Wei thinks that Er Ru's words are very reasonable, and he is wary of those who advocate lenient interpretation of the country.

Shortly after leaving, Wei Chengling returned to China to lobby Wang Wei to give up attacking Wei.

King Ai of Wei listened to Wei Chenglingjun's words and stopped fighting against Wei. At the same time, he thought that Wei Chenglingjun must have accepted bribes from Wei, so he dismissed Wei Chenglingjun and let Wei Chenglingjun not see him for life.

Wei Guo was thus preserved.

Among the descendants, there are those who take the ancestral surname Wei as their surname, which is called Er's.

The third origin: from the surname of Mi, from the history of the eyes and ears of Chu officials in the late Spring and Autumn Period, belonging to the official title.

The history of eyes and ears, also known as the official of eyes and ears, is a newly established official position in Chu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. In fact, it is a kind of supervisory historian, that is, the supervisory suggestion of later generations.

In the fifth year of Zhou Qi (5 16 BC), King Xiong of Chu Ping abandoned his illness and died. His 10-year-old son, Ren Rong (Xiongdi), ascended the throne as King of Zhao and Chu.

In the spring of Friday (5 15 BC), Wu Wangliao started a series of wars with Chu in order to compete for the hegemony of the Central Plains.

At that time, Yan Yu, the son of the State of Wu, led Wu Jun's main force to a stalemate with the Chu army in Huoshan, Anhui Province. Then Wu Jun's retreat was cut off by the Chu army, and he was in a dilemma. Immediately, a palace coup took place in Wu, and Wu Wangliao was assassinated by He Lv, the son of Wu, and then acceded to the throne. The second son was at odds with He Lv. His son Yan Yu abandoned the army and went to Xu, while his son went to Zhong Wuguo (now Suqian, Jiangsu).

In the eighth year of the Zhou Dynasty (5 12 BC), He Lv, the king of Wu, asked his son to cover up the rest and asked Zhong You to extradite him. The second son was helpless and turned to Chu. In order to split and attack the State of Wu, King Zhao of Chu immediately ordered Archduke Ma Yin, a military supervisor, to meet the two sons of Wu, put them in (now Shenqiu, Henan Province), build a city for the two sons of Wu, and cut off the land of the father of the city and (now Bozhou, Anhui Province) to expand the fiefs of the two sons of Wu.

He Lu, the prince of Wu, was furious because Guo Xu and Zhong You ordered the second son to get to Chu, and destroyed the two countries in one fell swoop. Then take Wu Zixu as a pedestrian and ask about the art of cutting Chu. Wu Zixu suggested: "Divide Wu Jun into three parts and harass Chu in turn." Soon, Wu Zixu was appointed as the ruler with the same rank as Qing Dynasty. Later, He Lv, Wu Zixu, Sun Wu and Ai Bo attacked Yeung Yi, captured Yu Yan and Zhu Yong, and killed them. At that time, He Lv, the king of Wu, asked if everyone could capture the capital of Chu. Sun Wu, a military adviser, said: "Wu has been in war for several times, and the people are not well off, so it is not suitable for expedition." It will take time to go deep into the territory of Chu. " He Lv, the prince of Wu, took Sun Wu's advice and withdrew.

In the ninth year of the Zhou Dynasty (5 1 1 BC), according to Wu Zixu's strategy, the State of Wu began to carry out the strategy of harassing the Chu border militarily, all of which attacked the Chu border town, and the main forces of the Chu army retreated as soon as they arrived. This is Wu Zixu's famous tactic of "go and come back, and go when you come back". At this time, Chu did not realize that an unprecedented crisis was approaching them. At that time, the ministers of Chu, who were used to fighting on exterior lines, destroying the country and seizing the land, hardly thought that Wu would enter the hinterland of Chu and even come to Yingdu.

Wu Zixu and Sun Wu are doctors in charge of Wu's military and political affairs. They are eager to find allies from the small country between Wu and Chu. Because it is a long way from Wu to Chu, the biggest difficulty for the Wu army lies in logistics supply. Although Wu has good generals and strong soldiers, the total number of soldiers is much less than that of Chu. To attack Chu, we must adopt the strategy of highlighting the surprise soldiers and attacking them unprepared. If there is no allied support in the middle, the grain and grass will only be transported by Wu himself, which is doomed to failure.

In the 11th year of the Zhou Dynasty (509 BC), the greedy Chu State got the luxurious robes and exquisite clothes of Cai Zhaohou and Ji Shen, as well as two fine horses of Tang Chenggong Jimeng, and let the scrotum tile release Cai Houhe and Tang Houhe, who had been imprisoned for three years, to return home. After the emperors Cai and Tang left Chu, they swore: "All the princes in the world, no matter who they are, should take the lead as long as they can conquer Chu." And asked Jin to attack Chu.

In the spring of the 14th year of the Zhou Dynasty (506 BC), eighteen countries, including Jin, Qi, Lu, Song, Cai, Wei, Chen, Zheng, Xu, Cao, Tai, Zhu, Dun, Hu, Teng, Xue, Qi, and so on, met in the League of Nations to discuss the matter of crusade against Chu. However, due to the greed of Jin doctors, the alliance was fruitless. Therefore, Cai Zhaohou thought that only Wu could really attack Chu, so he sent a son to Wu as a hostage and asked Wu to attack Chu. Wu Zixu and Sun Wu were overjoyed. So, with the help of Cai Zhaohou, Wu, Cai and Tang organized an anti-Chu alliance with Wu as the main body, and the supplies of the Wu army were shared by Cai and Tang. The soldiers were expensive and the state of Wu declared war. At that time, Wu Jun, with the maximum strength and speed that he could reach, suddenly broke into the hinterland of Chu when the Chu people were in a daze, and the flustered Chu army was losing ground. On the lunar calendar 1 1, the two armies fought a decisive battle in Baiju (now Anlu, Hubei Province). The main force of the Chu army was defeated and retreated to eternity (now Jingshan, Hubei Province). Wu Jun overtook them, and the Chu army immediately broke up. Wu's army advanced on the capital of Ying.

On the ninth day after the "White Pony Battle", the Wangs, together with his sister and his entourage, abandoned the capital and fled. On the tenth day, the army of Wu attacked the capital of Yong. Starting from the King of Wu, they lived in the palace of Zhao Chu and the residence of officials such as Lingyin and Sima respectively. And Wu Zixu dug the tomb of King Chu Ping and "flogged 300 corpses" to avenge the genocide.

Later, Wu Jun's main force was stationed outside for a long time to harass the State of Wu, which was a common occurrence for the State of Yue. Qin Jun joined forces with the dispersed and reunified Chu Army and defeated Wu Jun in Xiang Jun (now Suizhou, Hubei). Qin Jun crisscrossed Fangcheng, and the Chu army was discovered in the north and south of Hanshui River, while the Chu people supported Qin Jun and Chu army in succession and blocked Wu Jun, while Wu Jun was struggling to cope. That autumn, Chu and Qin defeated the ill-fated Tang State. He Lv, the king of Wu, saw that the tide was running out ahead and the disaster was growing in the rear, and immediately ordered the whole army to withdraw from Wu.

After Wu Jun retreated, King Zhao of Chu returned to Du Ying, which was in the lunar calendar 10, and the Wu Chu War, which lasted for more than ten months, finally ended.

In this war, the Chu people suffered the most, and the capital Ying was devastated by Wu Jun's cruelty. Therefore, King Zhao of Chu decided to move the capital, but he still called it Ying to show that he would not forget the old days. Since the winter of the eleventh year of King Zhao of Chu, Ying, as a new capital, is called "Re-Ying", and its place is close to the place where Xiong, the fourth monarch of Chu, was sealed. Chu people lived in compact communities for a long time, which was called "Jiangling" in the middle and late Warring States period, and the site should be called "Jinan City" in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. After Won became the new capital of Chu State, the original capital of Won was renamed "Won".

In the 31st year of the week (489 BC), the king was seriously ill. On his deathbed, he wanted Zixi to succeed him as king, but Zixi refused to accept his resignation. I also want the little chef of hippo to be king, and the attitude of the little chef of hippo is just like Zixi; No way, the king of Zhao wanted Zi Lv (Xiong Qi) to succeed him to the throne, but Zi Lv also insisted on not accepting it. Since then, King Chu of Zhao has spoken five times, and Zi Lu has resigned five times. After hearing this, Zi sent him to see him for the sake of comfort, and let him die with peace of mind. Later, Zi Lu consulted with Zi He, immediately blocked the intersection, and secretly sent an effective messenger back to welcome the king's son to the throne of the city father, because his mother was King Chu Hui of Yue Nv.

In the thirty-second year of Zhou Dynasty (488 BC), King Hui of Chu was founded. King Hui of Chu learned from a painful experience, gave up the practice of large-scale external expansion after Chu kings ascended the throne, and contracted to protect themselves. All Chu troops contracted at home and tried their best to restore and develop the domestic economy. To this end, King Hui of Chu "set up a history of eyes and ears, in order to supervise the monarch to learn from it", let him do it himself, and began to make strict behavior records (later son)

Since then, Chu has gradually recovered from the catastrophe on the verge of extinction, and its national strength has gradually increased, benefiting from its prestige. Moreover, other vassal States did not feel so arrogant and scorching as before, which calmed the domestic people and established an image of not provoking in front of the vassal States.

Nine years later, in the tenth year of Thursday (480 BC), the State of Chu recovered its vitality and King Hui of Chu was domineering. Taking advantage of the defeat of the State of Wu by Yue, he led the Chu army to attack the State of Wu. In the eleventh year of the following Thursday (479 BC), King Hui of Chu reappeared his domineering attitude and destroyed Chen in one fell swoop. In the twenty-second year of Zhou Zhen's reign (447 BC), the power of Chu reached its peak again, and King Hui of Chu destroyed Cai in one fell swoop, and then destroyed Qi two years later. Then, he ordered the ladder to be made like an open defeat. If Mozi hadn't stopped it, he would have attacked the state of Song.

Since then, the official position of the history of eyes and ears has been valued by various vassal States, and it has become the privilege of the monarch to follow historians throughout the Warring States period.

In the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang renamed the history of eyes and ears as "Imperial History" and entrusted it with the transcendental responsibility of supervision, so it was also called "Supervisory Imperial History" and became the important eyes and ears of the Emperor, and stipulated that "the eyes and ears officials should be independent and their actions should not be restricted by class."

Since the Qin dynasty, regardless of the grade, the imperial censor has always been "the last one in the imperial court", that is, the head of the first row and the last column in the easternmost part of the country, always talking about the imperial edict and even bluntly accusing the emperor. Because the suggestion was originally a history of eyes and ears, was in charge of supervision, and stood in the easternmost part of the civil service station in the imperial court, it was also called "the Second East Official" and "the History of Wendong".

Among the descendants of the history of ears and ears, the history of ears and east, the history of literature and east, the physician and the supervisor, there are those who take their ancestors' titles as surnames, which are called ears and ears, ears and east, and literature and east. Later, they were collectively referred to as the Erdong nationality, and some of them were simplified by provincial languages, which were passed down from generation to generation.

The fourth origin: from the surname Gui, from the State of Chen in the Spring and Autumn Period, belonging to taking refuge and changing the surname.

Chen was an important vassal state in the Central Plains during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Chen Hugong, the founding monarch of People's Republic of China (PRC), is a descendant of Shun Di, whose real name is Guiman. According to the habit of the tortoise and rabbit, they are called Chen Gongman and Chen Man, and they don't talk much and have little soup.

The historical book Historical Records Chen Qi Family records: "Gong Man, Yu is also behind. In the past, when Shun was in power, the second daughter of Yao's wife lived in Guangxi, and later took her surname as Guangxi. Shun has collapsed and scattered all over the world, while merchants are all countries. Xia Hou, or lost or continue. As for it, I seek shun again and seal it in Chen, so that Shun Di can worship it. "

After the establishment of the State of Chen, Wanqiu (now Huaiyang, Henan) was its capital, and the border area was a part of eastern Henan and Anhui.

On Thursday, in the 11th year (the 10th year of King Hui of Chu, the 23rd year of Guiyue of Mingong Chen, 479 BC), King Hui of Chu destroyed the State of Chen, killed it, and made it the Chen County of Chu. Because of its strategic location, Chen Di has become the military and economic center of northern Chu. In the thirty-seventh year of Ji Yan, King Zhou Hao (278 BC) and Xiong Heng, king of Chu Xiang, simply moved the capital to Chen Cheng, which was called "Chen Ying" in history.

After Chu destroyed Chen, his eldest son took refuge in Huju Township (now Lankao, Henan Province), and his second son took refuge in the State of Jin. Many other sons of Chen Guogong fled abroad. In order to avoid the pursuit of the Chu people, some people changed the word "Chen" to Fu Dong and Dong Fu's surnames, and later they were called Er Dong and Shi with similar glyphs, while others referred to Er Shi and Fu Shi for short.

The fifth source: from the official position, the official pen from the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period belongs to the official title as the surname.

Er pen refers to a pen inserted on the side of the crown to take notes, and then someone puts it on the upper helix.

From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms, people called historians and admonishers "Bi Er" because such attendants usually put their pens on the crown side.

The history book "Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wei Zhi Chen Si Wang Zhi" records: "Holding a whip pen, from Huagai, he entered the service hub." There is also a record in the biography of Du Jinyu: "When you start writing, there must be a cross-cutting festival."

Among the descendants of censors, such as historians and admonishers, those whose surnames are ancestral official titles are called Bi Er's, and later provincial texts are simplified to single names: Er's and Bi's. Hou er's pen is second.

The sixth origin: it originated from the southwest Yi nationality, and came from the south Yi nationality in the Han dynasty, which belongs to the national title.

Boer, the name of Boer County, was used in the Han Dynasty to guide the Shu people in Yuegu. Guo Moruo, a master of Chinese studies, said: "The name of Bor was first seen in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals. "

It is recorded in the history book "Ji of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty": "Fan County, Ba Li Boer. He said: "Bor, the land of South Vietnam, Fan, and the land of North Korea were all placed by Emperor Wu. It is also recorded in the history book "The History of Ming Di in the Later Han Dynasty": "All the mourners in the southwest mourned for their ears, cherished them, and made contributions before and after. "

Yangfu recorded in the Record of Foreign Bodies: "When I was young, I carved my cheek skin. Even your ears are divided into several branches, like chicken intestines, hanging down to your shoulders. "

In fact, "Bo 'er" was a title for Baiyue people in the southwest during the Qin and Han Dynasties. At that time, there was no administrative system and the residence was scattered. Guo Moruo said in the article "On Ears": "The ear can store words as ears, and then the ear can help, and the sound is meaningless, so the ear does not hang. "

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent a ship general and Fu Bo general Lü bode destroyed South Vietnam in one fell swoop, he set up Boer County in his hometown, located in Ailao Mountain, Wei Chu, Yunnan.

After Baiyue nationality was naturalized in Han Dynasty, some Baiyue nationality took their own Chinese names or county names as surnames, and the Chinese name was Bo people. The language in the later provinces was simplified to single surnames Bo people and Bo people, mainly distributed among the Yi and Yao people in Yunnan today.

Two. Distribution:

Today, there are Er clans in Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, Denglin Village, Xincun Town, Hongdong County, Linfen City, Shanxi Province, Tongzhou District and Changping District of Beijing, Xingtai City and Baoding City of Hebei Province, Baodi County of Tianjin, Ailaoshan District of Yunnan Province and other places.

Three. Historical celebrities:

Er Yuanming: (Date of birth and death to be tested), from Jimo, Shandong. Famous local officials in Ming Dynasty.

Er Yuanming served as the judge and governor of Fuzhou Wei (now Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province) during the Hongxi period of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1425 ~ 1426), with eight official positions, equivalent to county magistrate.