In the Western Zhou Dynasty, flammable species were used for candles, and torches were not lit. So a hug? Used to hold candles that have been lit by the torch; Putting it on the ground and lighting piles of fine grass and branches is called Liao; Put it outside the door and call it a candle. Put it inside the door and call it a court.
The existing early lamps in China are the Songs of the South during the Warring States Period. There are some wrong records in Evocation, indicating that the name of stirrup appeared in the Warring States period. In the Zhou Dynasty, the name of stirrup was often used for "Erya? Interpretation of vessels: dal means bean, bamboo bean means bean, and tile bean means declaring: Today, it is not a lamp, and it is not a cloud in the state of Jin: the ritual vessel was also called stirrup lamp by the ancients.
The history of lamp development
the Spring and Autumn Period
Fire, the main tool for human ancestors to resist wild animals, has also been developed because of fire. According to ancient records, lamps first appeared in the Warring States Period. At that time, the structure of lamps was relatively perfect and the shape was beautiful. Headlights have been invented and evolved for quite a long time, but the process description has been lost.
Jade hook moire lamp
Most of the lanterns in the Warring States period were made of metal or clay, but this jade lantern is a masterpiece. Jade lanterns in Hotan, Xinjiang are partially stained with dark brown. This lantern consists of three parts, namely, a disc, a handle and a base. Three pieces of jade were carved and glued on the upper part of the lamp plate. The handle of the lamp panel is cylindrical, and the upper part is embossed. The back part is decorated with three leaves, and the waist part is covered with hooks and moiré. The lamp holder is covered in a disc shape, and the soles of the feet are decorated with five persimmons and moire patterns.
Humanoid copper lamp and spoon
This lamp 1957 was unearthed in Gebu Village, Zhucheng, Shandong Province. The height of the lamp is 2 1.3cm, and the diameter of the disc is 1 1.5cm. The whole man wearing a short coat holds the lamp in his hands. The man holds the handle of a bamboo disc with curved leaves in each hand. The female tenon of the lower disc is inserted with the handle as required. Exquisite structure. When the disc was unearthed, it was equipped with a long-handled copper spoon for refueling.
During the Warring States period, the bronze body of lamps was aristocratic and practical. Ceramic lamps are often considered as pottery beans because they are no different from traditional pottery beans, but they are not classified as lamps. The jade lamps used by the lower class are beautifully shaped and practical for the upper class. These lamps were formed during the Warring States Period.
In addition to other multi-branch lamps, there are roughly two kinds of multi-branch lamps (also known as tree lamps), namely figurine lamps and daily imitation lamps. There are very few physical objects. Fifteen lamps are supported by the same lush tree. The branches are decorated with Youlong, singing birds, monkey tricks and other interesting figurines with different artistic conception. Bronze lamps in the Warring States period are representative objects. Some figurines are images of men and women with multiple identities. The local people hold the lamp by standing with open arms and holding it above their heads. From the first class to the third class, there are two types of lamps held by sitting figures with their hands stretched forward. The former has three brazing rods and many brazing rods to imitate the lamps used in daily life. Basically, some household appliances have evolved, mainly like beans, diced beans and reeds. Most of them are bean-shaped pottery lamps, and there are also bronze lamps like Ding and Reed.
The cast lamps in the Qin dynasty are also very gorgeous. Goose's legs and thighs support the round lamp plate, and Three Lamps District lights up at the same time.
People ride camel lights.
The bronze casting of camel lamp is not only a practical lighting appliance, but also an exquisite handicraft. The camel stands on a rectangular flat base, with its head held high and its tail upright. The camel sits on the camel with his feet clamped. He held the round lamp plate and lamp post tightly with his hand. The whole bronze sculpture is beautifully made. The image curves of people and camels are dominant, and the details are forced and vivid. On the whole, the pedestal, camel, figure and lamp post are all hunchbacked and light as a canopy. The center of gravity design is extremely scientific and reasonable. The study of camel sculpture provides valuable material for cultural exchange.
Lamp type
masthead light
Electric lamp, fluorescent lamp, oil lamp, kerosene lamp, copper lamp, iron lamp, lantern, wall lamp, street lamp. ...
chandelier
Neon lights, lanterns, lanterns, lanterns, cartoon lanterns, palace lanterns.
caution light
Navigation lights, traffic lights, warning lights ...
Special function lamp
Shadowless lamp, searchlight, spotlight ...
The purpose and principle of lamp
Fluorescent lamp; When the power switch is just turned on, the mercury in the fluorescent tube is heated and evaporated by the filaments at both ends of the tube, forming a thin mercury vapor ballast and generating high voltage. When the two ends of the lamp tube are added together, the mercury atoms ionize, and the electrons accelerate to collide with the mercury atoms, so that the gas is rapidly decomposed to generate arc discharge to excite ultraviolet rays, and then the fluorescent powder on the wall of the coated tube emits soft light, which contains infrared rays, which is harmful to the eyes. Because it contains a hotline, it saves electricity; It also emits a lot of beautiful colored light, which is determined by the nature of the chemicals contained in the phosphor. For example, magnesium tungstate is blue and white, and cadmium borate is red.
Steam lamp: It consists of all kinds of steam passing through a sealed glass tube, which is a bit like a fluorescent lamp, because multiple bulbs emit light from the same angle at the same time to produce a shadowless lamp.
Xenon lamp lighting principle: Ultra-high current passes through a quartz tube filled with xenon without tungsten wire, so that the gas collides to produce an arc as bright as day, and then the voltage is converted to 8. 000V steady and continuous supply of xenon bulbs, the light characteristics of HID are close to the white light of the sun, while the color temperature of yellow HID of halogen lamps is close to the sunlight in the daytime (the color temperature of sunlight is 6000KHID, the color temperature is 4300K-6500K, and the color temperature of halogen lamps is 3200K-3600K). HID also avoids the trouble that ordinary halogen lamps begin to oxidize from the first tungsten filament, and the longer the lighting time, the darker the light. At the same time, the illuminating distance of the luminous body is wide, the sight distance of the long HID is three times longer than that of the ordinary halogen lamp, the power consumption is only 35W, the brightness is three times that of the ordinary halogen lamp, and the service life is about 10 times longer than that of the ordinary halogen lamp. Because of the lighting principle of halogen lamps, it is difficult to keep burning and damage under long-term high heat, while xenon lamps use current. * * * Gas luminescence as long as the xenon gas is not used up, the temperature will basically be too high, and the normal luminescence will be easily destroyed. Under normal vehicle conditions, HID gas discharge lamps have been used for 6 years. HID consumes only 35W, which is more energy-saving than halogen lamp 60W, so it indirectly saves fuel costs, and the more it is used, the brighter it becomes.