Date of death: October 4th, Xuantongyuan.

Occupation: Qing officials and politicians

Graduation school: Bishan Academy

Faith: Confucianism

Main achievements: One of the Sports Master of Westernization, a leader of the Qing school who developed military industry and heavy industry, founded the predecessor and middle school of University of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan University, Southern University, Huanong University and Wuhan University of Science and Technology.

Representative works: persuasion.

Proposition: middle school is the body and western learning is the use.

Posthumous title: Wen Xiang.

Origin: Nanpi County, Cangzhou City, Hebei Province

Gift: Taibao

Zhang Zhidong's life

In September of the seventeenth year of Daoguang, Zhang Zhidong was born in the official residence of Xingyi Prefecture, and was the fourth son of Zhang Wei. Zhang Zhidong was born with intelligence when he was a child. At the age of five, Zhang Zhidong studied hard and thought quickly, and was influenced by strict Confucianism. He studied under many teachers, among whom Ding Songxian and Han Dynasty had great influence on him. In the eighteenth year of Daoguang, Ding Jinshi studied in the Imperial Academy. Han went to see the governor of Guizhou. Before 13 years old, I had learned Confucian classics such as the Four Books and Five Classics, as well as history, primary school, literature and economics, and taught myself many military masterpieces such as The Art of War and Six Taos, which laid a preliminary foundation for future political and academic research. /kloc-when he was 0/2 years old, he published a collection of poems "Twelve-year-old Grass" in Tianxiangge. Zhang Zhidong, a teenager, has the habit of reading and meditating at night. "If you taste the light and think about it, you will be bright every night." He recalled: "After the official documents are delivered, they often reach a high level, which is why they have a good night's study when they are young." This habit of working at night was once accused of "living happily without restraint", which affected the meeting with family members.

In the thirty years of Daoguang, Zhang Zhidong, who was under 14 years old, went back to his hometown Nanpiying County to try, won the top prize and entered the county school. Two years later, he won the first place in Shuntian Prefecture and was eligible to take the exam. At that time, with Zhang Zhidong's academic strength, he should be able to join hands with Qi Xin to reach the top as soon as possible, but he was not admitted to the Jinshi until he was 27 years old. In the past eleven years, he spent several years helping his father with military affairs, dealing with the Miao uprising in Guizhou, getting married and having children, and guarding his father's funeral. Naturally, he was too busy to take the exam. I will take the exam at the age of 23, because my brother Zhang is the same examiner, so I will avoid it as usual. The next year, I took the exam in Cohen, but I failed for the same reason.

In the second year of Tongzhi, he got his wish, entered imperial academy with the third place in Jinshi, was awarded the title of seven-product editing, officially entered the official career and became a member of the bureaucratic class. Tongzhi took the senior high school entrance examination for three years. Gong Kao, third in the first year of high school, was awarded the editor of the Hanlin Academy. Later, he took part in the provincial examinations in Zhejiang, Hubei and Sichuan and served as the deputy examiner. When Zhang Zhidong was in charge in Hubei, he rectified the style of study, set up academies, promoted and rewarded people with real talents and practical learning, and won the hearts of the people. When studying politics in Sichuan, he established Jingjing Academy in Chengdu, and invited famous Confucian scholars to teach different subjects, imitating the rules and regulations of Jingjing House in Hangzhou, Ruan Yuan and Xue Hai Hall in Guangzhou. Zou Shiming and Yi Long both fell from the altar and wrote two books, Xuan Yu and Bibliography Question and Answer, to teach readers what to read, how to learn and cultivate their moral character.

In the fifth year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zhidong added imperial academy business, awarded Gordon pai' ea chung-hoon, Zuo Chunfang and Zhan Shifu, and transferred them to our company to wash horses. In the same year, due to Russia's occupation of Yili, Xinjiang, the Qing court sent Wan Yan Chonghou, the Zuodu Empire, to Russia to negotiate the return of Yili. Respect for thick and ignorance, signed the Treaty of Rivakia with Russia, and humiliated the country. This treaty nominally recovered Yili, but the western and southern Xinjiang were massacred by Russia, and Yili was in danger of being surrounded by Russia. When the news came, there was an uproar. The ministers went to Shu and Zhang Zhidong to "discount the benefits of Russia's maturity" and "discuss the matter of Yili", analyzed that there were about ten prohibitions in Russia, and insisted on changing this discussion, repairing armaments and delaying the signing of treaties, in order to worship honesty. After the discount, she was summoned by Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Ci 'an, and allowed to go to the Prime Minister's yamen for deliberation at any time. Together with Zhang Peilun, Chen and others, he drafted 19 memorials, which put forward positive suggestions for improving the pay of soldiers and preparing for defense. At that time, Zhang Zhidong, Bao Ting, Zhang Peilun and Liu Zifang were called "imperial academy" and "Qing School". They acclaimed Li Hongzao, the minister of military and political affairs and a university student, as the leader, but in fact Zhang Zhidong was the leader of the Qing school. In the Sino-Russian negotiations, Zhang Zhidong's political prestige was improved and appreciated by Empress Dowager Cixi. In the sixth year of Guangxu, he was awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin Academy. Bachelor of Cabinet the following year. He also served as governor of Shanxi.

From the seventh year to the tenth year of Guangxu, Zhang Zhidong was the governor of Shanxi. At that time, Shanxi officials were corrupt, people's lives were difficult, and opium poisoning was serious. Zhang Zhidong wrote to a friend: "Shanxi officialdom is extremely chaotic, knowledge is extremely poor, and second-class talents such as copywriters and military cases are extremely scarce. Officials deal with many military and civil emergencies. This is not a clean place to do nothing. " "Gold is not rob but smoke. There are ten people in four townships, six people with hobbies, ten people in cities, and almost ten officers and men in the third category. Everyone is barren, and every family rises. Jinyang, an elegant place, is like a ghost country. No matter how energetic you are, you can't become a country at this rate. " Zhang Zhidong pays attention to rectifying official management. As soon as he took office, he frequently attached himself to the examiner, encouraged the malpractices of the times, disintegrated county officials who were greedy for money and harmed the people, rewarded good officials, banned opium, recruited talents, trained the army and searched the treasury. Shanxi's iron is transported and sold in Fengtian, Shanghai and other places, and the cost of land transportation is very high, so he changed from Tianjin to sea, reduced the freight rate by sea, and organized a smelting bureau in the producing area. He modeled himself on the rules and regulations of Ruan Jingshe and Guild Hall, founded Lingde Hall, and hired Wang Xuan as the principal lecturer, and Yang Shenxiu as the supervisor. Later, Yang Shenxiu became one of the six gentlemen in the 1898 movement.