The main reason of the war was that France tried to expel the British troops from the southwest of France (the province of Keith), thus destroying the last British fortress in France, while Britain tried to consolidate its position in Keane and recapture some parts of France that had been lost earlier, such as Normandy, Marne and Anjou. The struggle between Britain and France for Flanders deepened the contradiction between the two sides. Flanders is formally ruled by the French king, but in fact it is independent and has close trade relations with Britain (British wool is the main raw material of Flanders wool textile industry). The fuse of the war was that King Edward III of England coveted the French throne. German feudal lords and Flanders sided with Britain, while Scotland and the Pope supported France. The British army is mainly composed of mercenaries, under the command of the king, mainly infantry (archers) and mercenaries. The French army is mainly composed of feudal knights (see Knight Army).
The first stage of the Hundred Years' War (1337— 1360)
Britain and France fought for Flanders and Keith. In the Battle of Schloss (1340), the British army hit the French army hard and gained the right to control the sea. 1346 After the Battle of keresey in August, the British army gained land superiority again. After a siege of10/month, it occupied the coastal fortress Calais (1347). Since then, the two countries have been in truce for nearly ten years (1347- 1355). Then Britain attacked and occupied southwest France (Keith and Gascony). The French army was defeated again in the Battle of Poitiers (1356). The extortion and economic collapse of the British in various parts of France led to the French people's uprisings-Paris Uprising (1357- 1358) and Zachary Uprising led by Etienne Marcel (1358). The French were forced to sign an extremely harsh peace treaty in Bretigny in 1360-the territory from the south of the Loire River to the Pyrenees was ceded to Britain.
The Second Stage of the Hundred Years' War (1369-1380)
In order to recapture the areas occupied by Britain, French King Charles V (in office 1364- 1380) reorganized his army and reorganized his tax system. He replaced part of the knight's armed forces with hired infantry, and established field artillery and a new fleet. B. Duguesclin, a brilliant officer, was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the army with great power. By the end of 1970s, the French army had gradually forced the British to retreat to the coastal areas. The use of artillery by the French army is conducive to the success of military operations. In order to preserve several coastal ports in France (Bordeaux, Bayonne, Brest, Cherbourg and Calais) and some areas between Bordeaux and Bayonne, and in view of the deterioration of the domestic situation, Britain signed an armistice agreement with France. At that time, large-scale riots began in France.
The Third Stage of the Hundred Years' War (1415-1424)
France, due to the intensification of domestic contradictions (the two feudal main groups of Burgundy and Oman Jacques clashed; Farmers and citizens held a new uprising) and were badly hurt, and Britain took the opportunity to resume the war. 14 15, the British defeated the French in the battle of azancourt, and occupied the northern part of France with the help of duke of burgundy, which forced France to sign a humiliating peace treaty in Trouvat on May 2 1420. According to the terms of the peace treaty, France became a part of Britain and France. King Henry V of England declared himself Regent of France and was entitled to inherit the French throne after the death of King charles vi of France. However, both charles vi and Henry V died suddenly in 1422. As the struggle for the throne (1422- 1423) intensified, France was looted and carved up by the invaders, and the situation was very difficult. Taxes and reparations are a heavy burden on the residents of the British occupied areas. Therefore, for France, the battle for the throne became a national liberation war.
The Fourth Stage of the Hundred Years' War (1424 ——1453)
With the people's participation in the war, guerrilla warfare spread more widely (especially in Normandy). Guerrillas gave great help to the French army: they laid an ambush, caught the tax collectors, wiped out a small number of enemy troops, and forced the British army to leave a large number of garrison troops behind the conquered areas. 1428 10 when the British and Burgundy captured Orleans, the last strong fortress outside the French occupation, the national liberation struggle in France intensified. Joan led the struggle and won the Battle of Orleans under her command (1429.5). The French army captured Paris in 1437, recovered champagne in 144 1 year, recovered Marne and Normandy in 1450, and recovered Guienne in 1453. 1453 65438+1October 19, the British surrendered in Bordeaux, and the war ended.
The Hundred Years' War brought profound disasters to the French people and great losses to the French economy, but it promoted the awakening of the French nation. After driving out the British, the historic process of unifying France was completed. In Britain, the Hundred Years' War temporarily consolidated the dominant position of feudal nobles and knights, thus delaying the process of centralization. The Hundred Years' War showed that British mercenaries were superior to French feudal knights, which forced France to establish a standing mercenary. This mercenary is loyal to the king and has the characteristics of a regular army in organization, military discipline and training. The alliance between kingship and citizens demanding the elimination of feudal separatism is the political and financial basis of mercenaries. The war shows that the knight's heavy cavalry has lost its previous role, while the role of infantry, especially those archers who can successfully fight against cavalry, has been improved. Firearms appeared in the war. Although they are not as good as bow and crossbow, they are more and more widely used in various campaigns. The change in the nature of the war turned into a people's liberation war, which freed France from the rule of the invaders.
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Anglo-French relations
(1)18th century, there was a war between Britain and France for European hegemony and Indian and North American colonies. As a result, France was defeated and lost many colonies in India and North America.
(2) During the French Revolution and the First Empire of France, Britain organized many anti-French alliances, intervened in the French Revolution and competed with Napoleon for European hegemony. In the end, Britain defeated France.
(3) 1777 After the victory of Saratoga in the North American War of Independence, France helped the United States to fight against Britain.
(4)1814 ~1815 attended the Vienna conference, and through resolutions such as restraining France and maintaining the balance of power in Europe, Britain also captured many overseas colonies that originally belonged to France.
(5) From1853 to 1856, Britain and France fought the Crimean War with Russia and defeated Russia.
(6) 19 At the end of the 20th century, Britain and France organized the "Three Kingdoms Pact" group including Russia in order to deal with their common enemy Germany and safeguard their own interests.
(7) During the First World War, Britain and France jointly fought against Germany on the Western Front and finally won the war.
(8) At the post-war Paris Peace Conference, France tried its best to weaken Germany, while Britain pursued the "balance of power" in Europe and opposed the excessive weakening of Germany, which led to the conflict between Britain and France.
(9) In the early post-war period, Britain and France jointly manipulated the League of Nations and both opposed American intervention in European affairs. In the 1920s and 1930s, the two countries disagreed on German reparations and French security. In 1930s, in the face of fascist aggression and expansion, the policy of appeasement was adopted.
(10) During World War II, the two countries jointly retreated from Dunkirk and joined the world anti-fascist alliance to fight against the enemy.
(1 1) After World War II, the two countries jointly accepted the assistance of the Marshall Plan of the United States and joined NATO. Now both countries are members of the European Union.
In essence, the relationship between Britain and France in the colonial era was firstly a colonial country, and the overall interests of the colonial and semi-colonial countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America were basically the same; When competing for hegemony, controlling the sphere of influence and involving one's own interests, contradictions will arise, leading to fierce conflicts; When threatened by a common enemy, they can temporarily unite to cope with the crisis, but they also have their own abacus in the alliance. This is determined by the nature of the bourgeoisie.
One thing, however, is that Britain and France did not directly occupy and rule each other's land, so there was no bitter hatred between the two countries in history.