The imperial examination originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, with the decline of the gentry and the rise of the civilian landlords, the system of selecting officials and paying attention to family status has been unable to continue.
Founded in the Sui Dynasty, since the establishment of the imperial examination system in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, ordinary people have basically relied on the imperial examination to get the opportunity to be an official through reading examinations. After Emperor Wendi acceded to the throne, the system of Zheng Zhi with Nine Grades was abolished.
According to historical records, in the first month of Huang Kai's third year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty wrote a letter to "Xian Liang". It should be the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Chengzu in the Ming Dynasty (587), and Beijing officials were given more than five grades, with two imperial examiners, namely, "ambition, honesty, diligence" and "fairness and diligence".
In April of the third year of Yang Di's great cause, imperial edicts were issued to civil and military officials who had positions, which could be "filial piety and erudition", "integrity and honesty", "integrity", "perseverance", "outstanding knowledge", "beautiful literary talent" and "arrogance and strength". Scholars in the second division, take scholars to "review the policy."
Summary:
China's scientific system is a basic system for selecting officials by examination in the history of China. He originated in Han, stood in Sui, stood in Tang, became in Song, flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and abandoned in the late Qing Dynasty, and experienced Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
According to historical records, it was officially abolished from the first year of the Great cause of Sui Dynasty (605) to the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1.905), which lasted 1.300 years. ?
Extended data:
1, the first champion:
In the fifth year of Tang Gaozu Wude (AD 622), the first scholar appeared in the history of China. The imperial court appointed Shen Shining, the minister of the official department, to preside over the tribute and brought four Jinshi. The first place is Sun, a native of Wucheng (now Nangong, Hebei).
At the end of sui dynasty, he was admitted to Jinshi. After the Tang Dynasty, he served as a law officer in Wannian County and was a junior official. Before and after the imperial examination system of 1300, millions of juren and more than 100 thousand scholars were selected in previous dynasties.
There are 599 top scholars with well-known surnames, including Tang Dynasty 14 1, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 16, Song Dynasty 18, Liao Dynasty 54, Jin Dynasty 3 1, Yuan Dynasty 32, Ming Dynasty 89 and Qing Dynasty 65438.
The only female champion in the imperial examination history was Fu Shanxiang in the third year of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (A.D. 1853). Although it was not the only way to be an official at that time, it was also the main channel for selecting talents, which made a large number of poor people in the world overjoyed and marched into Kyoto.
It broke the monopoly of political power by powerful groups and greatly changed the knowledge structure of officialdom, which is a great progress. ?
2. The development of imperial examination
Tang Taizong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong are key figures in establishing and perfecting the imperial examination system. Examination subjects in the Tang Dynasty are divided into two categories: regular subjects and system subjects. The exams held in stages every year are called regular classes, and the temporary exams held by the emperor are called making classes.
There are more than 50 permanent subjects such as Scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, Strategist, Faming, Zi Ming and Shu Ming. Among them, Faming, Shu Ming, Ziming and other subjects were left out in the cold, while the scholar subjects had higher requirements in the early Tang Dynasty and were gradually abolished.
Therefore, the Ming Classics and Scholars became the main subjects of the formal subjects in the Tang Dynasty (scholars examined current events and poems, and Ming Classics examined current events and righteousness; The former is difficult, the latter is easy.
After Tang Gaozong, Jinshi is particularly important. Many prime ministers in the Tang Dynasty were mostly literati. There are two sources of candidates for regular courses: one is students, and the other is rural tribute. Subjects who were born in the capital and state and county academies and sent to Shangshu Province are called students; Not by the school hall, but by the state and county examination first, and then sent to Shangshu Province, the candidates are called "xianggong".
Candidates who pay tribute to Beijing from rural areas are collectively referred to as juren. The state and county exams are called solution exams, and the provincial exams of Shangshu are generally called provincial exams, or they are not tested. Ritual exams are held in spring, so they are also called Chunwei, which means examination room.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Imperial Examination System