Chinese pinyin: níng méng

English name: lemon

Latin scientific name: lemon

Chinese alias: lemon fruit, foreign lemon, beneficial mother fruit. Because of its sour taste, pregnant women with insufficient liver qi like it best, so it is called beneficial mother fruit or beneficial mother and child [edit this paragraph] Family and genus classification domain: Eukaryotes.

Field: the plant kingdom in the plant kingdom

Door: angiosperm magnolia door

Class: Subclass Dicotyledonous Magnolia

Subclass: Rosaceae, Rosaceae.

Objective: Sapindus.

Family: Rutaceae

Genus: Citrus

Type: Lemon Citrus × Lemon [Edit this paragraph] The origin of lemon is small evergreen trees of Rutaceae and Citrus. It is native to India, southwest of China (including Anyue County, Sichuan Province, which accounts for 80% of the national output), southwest and north of Myanmar, and east of the southern foothills of the Himalayas, but there is no conclusion yet.

Now the main producers are China, Italian, Greek, Spanish and American. [Edit this paragraph] Plant morphology and growth situation The tree is relatively open, the twigs are often needle-shaped and the tender tips are often purple. Petiole short, wings inconspicuous. White with purple, slightly fragrant, solitary or 3 ~ 6 flowers in racemes. Citrus fruits are yellow and shiny, oval or obovate, with papillae at the top, large and obviously sunken oil cells, sour peel and 8 ~ 12 pulp petals, which are difficult to separate. The seeds are ovoid, and most of them are single embryos. There are dozens of cultivated varieties, mainly Eureka and Lisbon.

Lemon is one of the least cold-tolerant citrus varieties. Suitable for places where it is warmer in winter, not too hot in summer and the temperature is relatively stable. Cutting propagation is very easy to survive, but grafting is often used in production, with rough lemon (a hybrid of lemon) with developed root system as the rootstock. Suitable for planting on warm gentle slopes with deep soil layer and good drainage. It blooms all year round and is open 3 ~ 4 times a year. Fruit is rich in vitamin C and citric acid. There are lemon oil with special fragrance and vitamin P in the oil cells of the peel, which are harvested after full growth and do not turn yellow, and then ripened with ethylene to make the peel turn yellow. It is resistant to storage and transportation. Besides fresh food, you can also make various drinks and extract lemon oil. There is little cultivation in China, and there is a kind of "Beijing lemon" in the north, which has no mastoid top, weak acidity and fragrance, and is only potted for viewing. [Edit this paragraph] Planting method and growth cycle Lemon plants can be as high as 3 to 6 meters without pruning. The young leaves are obviously red and then gradually turn green. Some varieties have angular young branches; Some varieties have spikes between leaf axils. Flowers are large, fragrant, solitary or clustered; The bud is reddish, the petals are white and purple, which can be used to make drinks, contain vitamin P and extract lemon oil. The fruit is oval with a wide and short papilla at the top. 8 to 10 disc; It is yellow when it is ripe. Some varieties have thick exocarp, white mesocarp, spongy and almost tasteless, which are the main sources of commercial pectin. Seeds are small, ovoid and pointed; Occasionally seedless. The pulp tastes very sour. The main acid is citric acid, accounting for more than 5% of the total fruit juice. Lemon juice is rich in vitamin C and contains a small amount of vitamin B. After the Crusaders discovered lemons in Palestine, lemons began to spread all over Europe. At present, the cultivation of lemon trees in most tropical and subtropical regions is limited. Commercial lemon trees are usually propagated by budding, and the coastal areas of Italy and California are most suitable for growing lemons. Generally planted in orchards, the spacing between plants is 5 to 8 meters. Generally, flowers bloom all year round, and fruits are harvested 6 to 10 times a year. Mature commercial fruit is about 5 cm in diameter. Fruits are generally harvested before ripening and can be preserved for 3 months after treatment. Fruiting begins in the third year after planting and reaches commercial fruit in five years. The average annual output of each tree is 1500. Because lemons are easy to bruise, wear gloves when picking them.

A. canned lemon

Potted lemons, if not properly managed, often only bloom, but bear no fruit or little fruit, or even do not bloom. In order to make potted lemons blossom and bear fruit every year, scientific management must be carried out in water, fertilizer and pruning, so as to achieve fruitful results. The main links of management are as follows:

Reasonable pruning-there are two reasons for pruning potted lemons. First, the pot is small, the soil is small, and the nutrients provided are limited, which can not meet the needs of lemon growth and must be pruned; Second, through pruning, the rational distribution of nutrients in the tree can be adjusted, so that limited nutrients can be supplied to buds and leaves to form more fruiting branches, thus achieving full flowering and fruiting branches. The new shoots of potted lemons must be pruned intensively before they germinate. First of all, we should remove dead branches, diseased branches, clustered branches, inward branches, cross branches and sprouting branches. Weakly cut strong branches, leaving 4 or 5 full buds; Strong pruning of weak branches leaves 2 or 3 buds, so that each branch can grow stronger spring shoots. After the spring shoots are fully grown, in order to control their imaginary length, they can be lightly cut and 3 or 4 branches can be cut off. When the new shoots grow to 6 ~ 8 knots, it is necessary to remove the heart to induce more summer shoots.

"Water-locking" before flowering-In order to prevent the summer shoots from growing too vigorously, at the same time, the trees should accumulate nutrients and promote the formation of buds, and "water-locking" the potted lemons before the arrival of summer. The specific method is to gradually reduce the water supply to potted lemons more than ten days before the summer heat; In the first 5 days, the water was stopped, the basin soil was exposed to the sun, a lot of water evaporated, and the basin soil was dry; Due to the lack of water in roots, branches and leaves lose water, and leaves wither and curl. In order to prevent the leaves from dehydration, water can be sprayed on the leaves in the morning and evening, and a small amount of water can be sprayed on the pot soil at the same time, so that the axillary buds of lemon will expand day by day under the condition of drought and not dying, and the color of the buds will turn from green to white. When most axillary buds turn from green to white, "withholding water" will succeed in promoting flowers. At this time, the water supply of potted lemons should be restored in time.

Protect the flowers and fruits-after the lemon blooms, in addition to applying thin fertilizer once a week, it is also necessary to dilute the flowers and fruits. Sparse some buds before flowering; After the flowers wither and set fruit, some young fruits in inappropriate positions should be thinned out to reduce the consumption of nutrients, so that the limited nutrients can be concentrated on the preserved flowers and fruits, and the fruits can grow bigger and better. In the process of fruit growth, if the fertilizer and water are sufficient and the plants are nutritious, some branches will sprout new buds, and the growth of new buds will inevitably divert some nutrients, which will affect the growth of fruits. In order to protect the fruit, the new buds should be smoothed in time. When the fruit turns yellow, stop fertilizing, reduce watering and keep the soil moist and slightly dry. If we continue to give too much fertilizer and water, the fruit will ripen and fall early, shortening the viewing time.

Rational fertilization-lemons like fertilizer, and usually apply more thin fertilizer. Apply decomposed liquid fertilizer once before the plants germinate, and then apply liquid fertilizer mainly containing nitrogen every 7 ~ 10 days to promote more branches and leaves and more spring shoots. Fertilize in time after each coring to promote the early maturity of branches. In the process of lemon growth, you can sprinkle some cake fertilizer on the basin surface, so that some fertilizer penetrates into the soil every time you water it, which can enhance fertility. After autumn, fertilization will be reduced, plant nutrition will be avoided, autumn shoots will be promoted, and fruits will compete for nutrients, leading to fruit drop.

Turn over the pot-potted lemons have limited nutrient supply due to lack of pot soil. After years of lack of soil fertility, lemons will weaken year by year, with fewer flowers and fewer fruits. In order to keep the lemon blossom and bear fruit every year, it is necessary to turn over the pot. The best turning time is half a month before lemon germination. Before turning over the pot, prepare a pot that is one size larger than the original pot, take the lemon out of the pot, and don't break the mud. Cut off the topsoil with a thickness of 1 and 2 cm along the mud mass, cut off the dead roots and rotten roots, cut off the soil with a thickness of 1cm at the bottom of the mud mass, and take out the tiles embedded in the bottom of the original pot. The drainage holes of the new pool are laid with tiles. First, lay a drainage layer with a thickness of 2 or 3 cm, and then lay a layer of nutrient-rich culture soil with a thickness of 4 or 5 cm, which is mixed with a small amount of calcium superphosphate. Then put the lemon mud balls into the pot, fill the culture soil around the mouth of the pot, slightly compact the pot soil, water the roots, put it in a ventilated and semi-cool place, and put it back in place for daily management after one week.

B. Mass communication technology

1. Growth characteristics of lemon shoots

Lemon has strong growth potential. Smoke 3 ~ 5 times a year, smoke many times, blossom and bear fruit. The shoots are long, stout and have high yield.

Spring shoots from February to April: the germination time of new shoots is consistent and the number is large. The branches are short, thin and tidy, and most of them differentiate into flower buds to form fruiting mother branches.

Summer shoots from May to July: branches grow vigorously, absorb more nutrients, have dark green leaves, and the cross section of branches is rhombic, which is easy to form long branches.

Autumn shoots from August to 65438+ 10: most of them are the mother branches that bear fruit in the following year. Due to the influence of flowering and fruiting, the number of new shoots is small, the branches are slender and underdeveloped.

Winter shoots in the following year 1 1 ~ 1: Due to the influence of low temperature and nutrients, the number of new shoots is small and the nutrition is insufficient, which is easy to cause yellowing.

Second, the pruning of lemon

The main purpose of pruning young trees and first-bearing trees is to cultivate the crown skeleton so as to expand the crown faster and better. Young trees should be pruned in winter, cut short according to needs in growing season, and try to keep branches and auxiliary branches. Trim point:

1. Long tip coring

Young trees should be picked with long shoots. After pulling out bamboo shoots every season, 8 ~ 10 bamboo shoots should be pulled out, and the rest are tender bamboo shoots. It is advisable to leave a length of 20 ~ 25 cm, enrich the crown, branch early and branch more, so as to expand the crown as soon as possible.

2. Erase the long branches in time

Long branches disturb the tree shape and waste nutrients, so they should be erased in time.

Pull branches

For vigorous upright branches, the method of pulling should be adopted. When the strong branch is pulled down, the branch angle is expanded by 40 ~ 50, and the young tree is stretched, so that the young tree can bear fruit 1 ~ 2 years in advance.

Step 4 wipe the bud and put the tip

Young trees can sprout and shoot in summer, that is, shoot once in autumn to expand the crown as soon as possible.

5. Pruning branches in summer

Young trees with vigorous growth have more strong branches. Because the vigorous summer shoots are not easy to shoot in autumn, which is not conducive to flower bud differentiation, bud wiping and flower thinning should be carried out from May to July. Therefore, they are all cut off in early August, so that more autumn shoots can sprout from late August to early September. Most of these autumn buds blossom and bear fruit in the second year.

6. Auxiliary branch culture

Branchlets usually painted on the crown of trees should be kept as long as they are not overgrown and too dense. These branchlets are usually good fruiting mother branches of young trees.

7. Sparse flowers and buds

The weak buds and fruits before the young trees are planned to bear fruit should be removed in time, so as to promote the vegetative production of trees and form a fruitful crown as soon as possible and put it into production.

Third, measures to protect lemon flowers and fruits.

Spraying 0.2% zinc sulfate 1 time after spring bud germination, 0.5% urea +0.2% calcium superphosphate +0.5% potassium sulfate 1 time before flowering, 2/3 or 0.4% ~ 0.5% urea +0.2% ~ 0.3% monopotassium phosphate and 0.5% after flowering. The key to keep the soil moisture sufficient after the young forest is stabilized is to water it once before spring 10 day.

Fourth, lemon fertilization.

Fertilizing barren young trees aims to promote the crown to grow up and put into production as soon as possible. However, attention should be paid to prevent excessive fertilization and excessive nutrition in vain, so as not to delay flowering and fruiting. Young trees should master the principle of "diligent application and thin application", and young trees should mainly apply fertilizer three times a year:

The first fertilization was before flowering in mid-February, accounting for 25% of the whole year. Farmhouse manure per mu is 800 ~ 1600 kg, urea is 8 kg, calcium superphosphate is 8 ~ 16 kg, and compound fertilizer is 8 ~ 16 kg.

The second fertilization is from the end of June to the beginning of July, accounting for 50% of the whole year. Farmhouse manure 1600 ~ 3200 kg, urea 16 kg, calcium superphosphate 16 ~ 32 kg and compound fertilizer 8 ~ 10 kg are required per mu.

The third fertilization is from the end of August to the beginning of September, accounting for 25% of the whole year. The farmyard manure should be 800 ~ 1600 kg, urea 8 kg, calcium superphosphate 8 ~ 16 kg and compound fertilizer 8 ~ 16 kg per mu.

Five, pest control

Comprehensive methods such as agricultural control, biological control and chemical control are adopted to control the source of pests and diseases to the lowest level.

Agricultural control: apply more farm manure, enhance the resistance of trees, weed frequently, clean the yard, eliminate pest hosts, prune dead branches, diseased branches and insect branches frequently to prevent the spread of pests and diseases.

Biological control: Raising chickens, ducks and bees in orchards has a certain control effect.

Chemical prevention and control: prevention first, supplemented by treatment, understand the condition, master the insect situation, find the right time and prescribe the right medicine. All large areas should be sprayed with pesticides evenly, and pesticides should be used in rotation.

(1) disease

Scab disease:

Endangering young leaves, twigs and young fruits, the diseased spots on the leaves are waterlogged at the beginning, and then they are wax-yellow cork-shaped and conical, which will cause the leaves to distort in severe cases; Tumorous processes appear on the pericarp, and the diseased fruit is small, deformed and easy to fall off.

Control methods: (1) Strengthen cultivation management, combine with pruning in winter to remove diseased leaves, and focus on burning. (2) Spraying new buds to protect young fruits when the flowers wither 2/3, spraying 50% carbendazim 1000 times and Dafusheng 800 ~ 1000 times.

(2) Insect pests

1. Mites (red spider, yellow spider, rust mite):

Harm the leaves, make the leaves lose luster, grayish white, and cause deciduous leaves and withered tips. The leaves damaged by the yellow spider are deformed and twisted. The back of leaves damaged by rust mites is yellowish brown or rusty brown, and the damaged fruits are dark brown.

Prevention and control methods: (1) Spray once in spring or smear the main pole with stone sulfur mixture. (2)73% propargite is 2000 ~ 3000 times; Acaroid mite 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid spray. To control Starscream well, we must first master that "the control center is dominated by insects and plants, supplemented by large-scale prevention and control".

2. Leaf miner:

Larvae dive under the tender branches and leaves and the skin of the fruit to feed, forming a white wormway, which makes the leaves curly, fragile and fall off, and the fruit is easy to rot after being damaged.

Control methods: (1) control summer shoots and autumn shoots, remove premature, late and redundant tender shoots, and cut off the food chain of liriomyza sativae. (2) Focus on prevention and control in the flowering period of summer shoots and autumn shoots. There are many pesticides available, so it is best to use them alternately to obtain better efficacy. When the sprouting rate of new buds reaches more than 20%, spray 20% triadimefon, triadimefon and beta-cypermethrin 1500 ~ 2000 times for the first time.

Lemon storage 1 10,000 Jin [edit this paragraph] The history of lemons15th century, European adventurers sailed across the ocean in pursuit of spices and gold to compete for colonies. However, during the voyage, sailors are often attacked by scurvy like plague, and thousands of people are killed.

1593, more than 10000 sailors in Britain died of scurvy, and four-fifths of sailors in Spain, Portugal and other countries died of scurvy. Before and after these events, another miracle happened. /kloc-in 0/53, some French explorers spent the winter in Canada. Among them, 1 10 people suffer from scurvy. The local Indians told them to drink water soaked in pine leaves. In desperation, the patient drank the water and was saved. From 1772 to 1775, during the three-year expedition across the Pacific Ocean, only 1 of the18 crew members died. It turned out that Captain Cook ordered the crew to eat kimchi regularly to prevent the crew from scurvy.

The research on the treatment of scurvy began in the middle of18th century with British doctor Linde. He tried fresh vegetables, fruits and medicines and conducted medical experiments on sailors suffering from scurvy. Once, when he was treating the sailors' scurvy on the British "Chuanhai V", he selected some sailors, divided them into six groups and treated them in different ways, such as different foods, medicines and physical therapy. Unexpectedly, the patients who took the medicine did not get better. On the contrary, a group of patients who ate lemons were cured as if they had eaten "elixir" and soon recovered.

More than 40 years later, the British navy adopted this method, stipulating that every sailor should drink a certain amount of lemon leaf water every day when he goes out to sea. Only two years later, scurvy disappeared from the British navy. The British often use the funny nickname "Lemon Man" to address their sailors and sailors.