There are many classic moments in the history of China. Yesterday, the Sui Dynasty was a classic reappearance of the Qin Dynasty 800 years later. Qin and Sui dynasties, two highly dedicated dynasties, were pit-filling warriors who strode forward history. For example, Qin continued to repair the Great Wall of Warring States, filling the pit of northern terrain defense, and Sui communicated with many small canals since ancient times, filling the pit of lack of large channels for North-South exchanges. As a result, a big word "person" appeared on the vast territory of China. The Great Wall in Qin Dynasty wrote that heroic stroke, and the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty added the deepest stroke. Similarly, Qin and Sui showed great similarity in pushing the "county system", and the three reasons for creating and preserving the "county system" in tandem were the same, which was a tacit understanding spanning 800 years. "The Portrait of Qin Shihuang" Qin Shihuang pioneered the unification of the county and county system. Some administrative regions of the Zhou Dynasty except Wang Ji existed in the form of vassal States, which was a feudal system model maintained by patriarchal kinship and in-laws. However, in this mode, the Zhou Dynasty only maintained a relatively stable rule in the Western Zhou Dynasty for more than 200 years. Although the Eastern Zhou Dynasty lasted for more than 500 years, the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period and the seven heroes in the Warring States Period were the real masters of that split and turbulent era. Therefore, Qin Shihuang took the mistakes of the Zhou Dynasty as a mirror, "thinking that the Zhou system was weak, it was eventually lost by the princes, and the world was divided into counties and counties", and established the first unified dynasty that generally implemented the county system. During the 800 years after the Qin Dynasty and before the Sui Dynasty, any attempt to restore the enfeoffment system would cause great trouble. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the county system was implemented and vassal states were enfeoffed. Thus, due to the power conflict between the princes and the imperial power, the rebellion with Wu Chu broke out. After the Western Jin Dynasty seized the kingdom of Cao Wei, it was believed that only by enfeoffment of imperial clan children and extensive establishment of vassal States could we avoid repeating the same mistakes. As a result, fighting indoors led to the rebellion of eight kings and became a stepping stone to the rebellion of five countries. When history came to the era of Yang and his son, the Sui Dynasty resolutely embarked on the road of "Qin-style" county system. However, it was not smooth for the Sui Dynasty to restore the "Qin-style" county-level administration, because the administrative divisions since the Wei and Jin Dynasties had been changed to the three-level system of state, county and county, and in addition, during the Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the number of administrative divisions set up one after another was amazing. According to Geography of Sui Shu, there were 253 states, 698 counties and 1562 counties in the early years of Sui Dynasty. Therefore, it is not only a technical activity but also a physical activity to adjust the administrative divisions in the Sui Dynasty to better implement the county system. The first method adopted in The Portrait of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty is to cancel the intermediate level and order all counties in the world to cancel all county-level administrative regions. For example, in the early Sui Dynasty, Tongzhou (now Dali County, Weinan City) governed Wuxiang County, Chengcheng County and Baishui County. These three counties were abolished in the third year of the emperor's reign, and all counties under each county were directly under the same state. The second method is to reduce the number of states and counties. During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, 25 state-level administrative regions and 328 county-level administrative regions were abolished. This method was later adopted by Yang Di. After Yang Di-di came to power, he further abolished 12 1 state administrative region and 2 16 county administrative region, and the father and son jointly abolished 1388 administrative region. Subsequently, Yang Di ordered the state to be changed into a county, which marked that the Sui Dynasty completed the adjustment of administrative divisions of the county-level system in more than 20 years. At this time, after a large number of abolishment and a small number of additions, there were 190 county and 1255 county in the Sui Dynasty, and the administrative divisions were reduced from 25 13 at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic to 1445, so the number of official posts cut off should be more than 654,380+10,000. Among them, there are three tacit similarities behind Sui and Qin's "love" for the county system. One is similar historical background. Whether the Qin Dynasty established the country with the county system or the Sui Dynasty's salvage transformation of the county system, it was a choice made after hundreds of years of troubled times. The 500-year rebellion in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was the result of the decline of the royal family and the expansion of the princes after the implementation of the enfeoffment system in the Zhou Dynasty. As the ultimate beneficiary of the enfeoffment system in the Zhou Dynasty, Qin naturally had a deep understanding of the disadvantages of the enfeoffment system, which was a mode of decentralized governance by governors. It's like Judy resisting cutting when she became a captaincy with military power, and promoting cutting once she became a king in charge of the world. The reason is the same. The distribution map of governors in the early Spring and Autumn Period and the 300-year turmoil before the Sui Dynasty were also the fundamental reasons why the civil war of governors seriously weakened the national strength after the enfeoffment of the Western Jin Dynasty and eventually led to the country's demise. Subsequently, the central plains of the five lakes and sixteen countries competed for supremacy, and the confrontation between the northern and southern dynasties lasted for a hundred years, which was the result of the delayed concentration of greatly dispersed forces. Therefore, the Sui Dynasty, which has more than 800 years of historical knowledge than the Qin Dynasty, can better understand the significance of implementing the county system for upward centralization and maintaining unity. The second is the supporting bureaucratic system. The Qin Dynasty initially established a central official system of "three publics and nine nobles", while the Sui Dynasty further developed a more complete system of three provinces and six departments, which provided a supporting bureaucratic system for the court to directly govern all counties in the world. The bureaucratic system in the pre-Qin period was a monopoly of imperial power, and the so-called enfeoffment system was actually a wide-ranging power sharing within the ruling class to achieve power balance and national stability. In this state of separation of powers among the four parties, there is no need to establish complex and strict bureaucracy in the central and local governments. However, in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the need of confrontation and war, the scattered powers began to be consciously concentrated, so some new official positions and institutions appeared, which created conditions for the initial establishment of the system of three officials and nine officials in Qin Dynasty. To implement the county system with the goal of upward centralization, it is necessary to establish a strict and comprehensive official system at all levels, and the key is to do a good job of decentralization and checks and balances in the process of centralization. Therefore, the Qin Dynasty set up "three fairs" in the central government, in which the Prime Minister, Qiu and Imperial Physician were in charge of government affairs, military affairs and supervision respectively, and then many central administrative agencies represented by "Jiuqing" were in charge of various special affairs respectively, thus realizing the separation of government affairs and military affairs, and the separation of implementation and supervision. Similarly, in the local administrative arrangements at the county and county levels, the Qin Dynasty also fully reflected the idea of doing a good job of decentralization and checks and balances in the process of centralization. For example, the county magistrate is the county magistrate, responsible for the affairs of the whole county, and Cheng Jun or Chang Shi is his deputy. In addition to the police chief, there are also the police chief system and the suggestion system. Each system has a team responsible for public safety and theft prevention and supervising county governance. County commandant, censor and county magistrate are not subordinate to each other, but directly obey the dynasty. In the process of adjusting administrative divisions with the county system as the core, the Sui Dynasty also innovated a set of official institutions with extremely neat systems to match it. In the Sui Dynasty, the central government set up three provinces and six departments, with the Ministry of Literature and History as the decision-making organ, the Ministry of Civil Affairs as the decision-making deliberation organ, the Ministry of Shangshu as the decision-making executive organ, and the twenty-four departments of the six departments were responsible for various special government affairs. At the local level, there are not only the division of power between the same level, but also the establishment of official orders, the management of general managers and secretariat, and the inspection of counties in the world. Third, ethnic integration is also needed. The old vassal states unified by the Qin Dynasty experienced 500 years of separatism, and the northern and southern dynasties unified by the Sui Dynasty also experienced nearly 300 years of separatism. Therefore, both Qin and Sui had the same need-national integration. Qin Shihuang's method of integrating the country seems to be to implement the same track, the same book, the same industry and the same system, but the county system is an effective carrier to achieve the goal. Among the 48 counties established in the Qin Dynasty, 36 counties are located in the old places of the six countries of Kanto, and the names of these 36 counties have been avoided. For example, Qi has seven counties, including Langya, Poyang, Gong Lin, Jiaodong, Jiaoxi, Jibei and Chengyang, and Chu has eight counties, including Jiujiang, Changsha, Nanjun, Surabaya, Donghai, Xue Jun, Qianzhong and Chenjun. Counties in the Qin Dynasty The Qin Dynasty destroyed the old political centers of the six countries and disintegrated the spiritual sustenance of the dream of rejuvenating the country by enfeoffment of counties and relying on the powerful control of the county system. It should be said that the national integration after the great division was successful in Qin dynasty, and the uprising at the end of Qin dynasty was against tyranny, not for the restoration of the six countries. Xiang Yu, the overlord of the Western Chu Dynasty, expected to be a vassal, but his dream was finally shattered by Liu Bang's ambition to dominate the country. The Sui Dynasty, which completed the unification of the North and the South, also adopted a method similar to that of the Qin Dynasty for the integration of the old places in the Southern Dynasties. For example, Emperor Wendi renamed Jinling, the capital of the Southern Dynasties, Jiangzhou, and later Yang Di changed it to Danyang County, and consciously supported Jiangyang County of Jiangdu County as the political and economic center of the Jiangbiao area in Huainan. The adjustment of administrative divisions in Sui Dynasty changed the origin of the establishment of states, counties and counties since Wei and Jin Dynasties. The two emperors, Yang and his son, streamlined more than 0/000 local administrative districts/kloc-,which changed the bloated appearance of counties and counties at the national administrative level and enhanced the cohesion and administrative efficiency of the country after the great division. It must be said that in the prosperity of the Han Dynasty and the glory of the Tang Dynasty, Qin and Sui, the two pit-filling warriors, contributed greatly to the continuation of the official system, the inheritance of the county system framework and even the success of national integration.