Brief introduction of poet Qu Yuan

About 339 BC-about 278 BC

During the Warring States period, Chu poets absorbed the essence of southern folk songs, merged ancient myths and legends, and created a new poetic style-Chu Ci. The appearance of Chu Ci is the great liberation of China's ancient poetry. It breaks the rigid format of "four words and one sentence" in The Book of Songs, adopts irregular sentence patterns of three to eight words, with lively and diverse forms, suitable for describing complex social life and expressing rich thoughts and feelings, and its length and capacity can be expanded at will according to the needs of the content. Qu Yuan, a great poet, is the founder and representative writer of Chu Ci.

Qu Yuan (about 339 BC ~ about 278 BC) was born in the state of Chu. Born in Lepingli, San Lv Township, Zigui in 340 BC. Qu Yuan was studious and ambitious since childhood. At the age of 26, he became a left-handed man and a good doctor in Chu. At first, he was trusted by Chu Huaiwang, who was a senior official of the left party. He advocated giving people power, making clear laws and regulations to improve internal affairs, and uniting with Qin State to oppose him. However, Chu Huaiwang's Lingyin Zijiao, Shangguan Doctor, Shanxi Merchants and his favorite concubine Zheng Xiu were all bought by Zhang Yi, the envoy of Qin State, which not only made Wang Huai unable to accept Qu Yuan's opinion, but also alienated him. As a result, Chu Huaiwang was lured to death by the State of Qin. After Xiang Wang ascended the throne, Qu Yuan continued to be persecuted and exiled to Jiangnan. In 278 BC, the general of the State of Qin led an army south to attack the capital of Chu. Qu Yuan's political thoughts were shattered and he was desperate for the future. Although he wanted to serve the country, he was unable to return to heaven, so he had to drown himself in the Miluo River on May 5th of the same year.

Qu Yuan is an outstanding politician with a long history, the first great poet in the history of China literature, and the "first-rate genius" of the Three Gorges. He was worried about the country and the people, and finally died in the Miluo River. Although Qu Yuan's political life is a tragedy, as a poet, he left more than 20 immortal poems such as Li Sao and Tian Wen. These are precious heritages in China's literary treasure house.

Li Sao is the most mature work of Qu Yuan and the most magnificent lyric poem in ancient China. The first half is a realistic narrative, which describes his ideals and experiences of improving politics. A lot of strange fantasies were added in the second half. Accompanied by wind, rain, thunder, electricity, clouds, moon, phoenix and dragon, he galloped up and down in the sky, pursuing his ideal object. The result was disappointing.

The poet integrated natural phenomena, historical figures and legends into a magnificent and romantic artistic image, realizing a high degree of integration of thought and art. Lu Xun praised Qu Yuan and said, "Escape is a big talk, and you will be outstanding all your life."

Tian Wen is a strange long poem. This is because after Qu Yuan was exiled, he lost his mind and his old beliefs completely collapsed. Therefore, he had doubts about natural phenomena, ancient ruins, religious beliefs and traditional concepts of society, which led to various questions. In Historical Records and Biography of Qu Yuan, Sima Qian recorded in detail that the poet vented his contradictions and pains in his political life by asking questions.

Qu yuan's influence

Since the Han Dynasty, Qu Yuan's position in the history of China has become higher and higher, and his influence has become more and more profound. Qu Yuan is an indispensable part of China's 5,000-year history of civilization and splendid history of China literature. Qu Yuan's greatness lies in his unswerving patriotism, indomitable spirit of struggle, and his noble character and integrity of not colluding with traitors and villains. Secondly, more than twenty poems written by him with his whole life's painstaking efforts have become treasures in the history of China literature and masterpieces in the world literature hall. According to Hanshu, during the 300 years from Qu Yuan to the end of the Western Han Dynasty, there were 66 people who imitated Qu Yuan's ci and fu, 77 1 person, miscellaneous fu writers 12, 133 people. Apart from the works of Song Yu, Jing Ke, Huainan Xiaoshan, Zhuang Ji, Wang Bo, Liu Xiang and Wang Yi, Wang Yi also notes Mei Cheng's Seven Fates, Sima Xiangru's Adult Fu, Yang Xiong's Yang Changfu, Zhang Heng's Si Xuan Fu, Cao Zhi's Nine Sorrow Fu and Ruan Ji's.

During the two thousand years from the Han Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, although there were many annotation books explaining the Songs of the South, most of them were lost. There are 10 kinds of You Guoen's notes handed down from ancient times, namely, Wang Yi's Chapters and Sentences of Chu Ci in the Eastern Han Dynasty (17), Hong Xingzu's Supplementary Notes on Chu Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty (17), Textual Research on Chu Ci (1) and Zhu's Notes on Chu Ci in the Southern Song Dynasty (. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Wang Fuzhi's Interpretation of Songs of the South was 14 volumes, Qian Chengzhi's Quyi was not divided into volumes, Yunming's Songs of the South was 4 volumes, Wang Bangcai's Lisao Collection was 4 volumes, Qu Zi's Essays was 2 volumes, and Jiang Ji's Mountain had many annotations and research works after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Regarding the evaluation of Qu Yuan's works, Wang Yi said: "Qu Yuan's writing is sincere and far-reaching. Since the end, famous scholars of Confucianism and Boda have been writing ci fu, trying to imitate its appearance, ancestor its model, take its essence and steal its flowers and algae. " Liu Xie said: "So Li Sao and Nine Chapters mourn their aspirations; "Nine Songs" and "Nine Arguments" are too embarrassing to hurt; Journey and Tian Wen are magnificent and cleverly conceived; Evocation and big move are wonderful and profound; The goal of "no game" "Fisherman" issued a unique talent. So I can be angry with the past (interests), and I will cut the present, which is amazing and gorgeous and difficult to reconcile. " Li Bai praised "Qu Ping's ci poems hang on the sun and the moon (Qu Yuan's poems hang on the sky like the sun and the moon)". Du Fu is determined to "secretly climb the peak of Qu Song (I will try to climb the peak of Qu Yuan and Song Yu and keep pace with it)". Shao Bo of the Northern Song Dynasty said, "Qu Yuan has one ear for the article" Songs of the South ". "Su Shi said," If my article ends in failure, I will be the only one to blame. In the Ming Dynasty, Jiang said, "Reading Chu Ci shows its tragic features, just like Gao Jianli's beating, singing in the city, crying while enjoying each other, and no one is watching; "Sadness is like a poor traveler. When the west wind rains at night, sorrow (poverty) is wet, and the residual light is sad; In a secluded place, it seems that no one enters the mountain road, but I hear the cries of monkeys and snakes, and Shan Gui, a wooden charm, learns human language to worship people; In Yan Yi, like a beautiful woman riding a horse, jade whip beads, wearing bright flowers and beautiful things, singing a song "Yang Baihua" to the spring breeze; Fairy rhyme is like Prince Jin riding a white crane, standing on the highest peak of Goushan, waving his hand to thank others for blowing jade sheng, which is beyond human reach. " Shenqing Deqian said; "Have a first-class mind, first-class knowledge, first-class true poetry. As in space, not at all; Like the sea of stars, thousands of sources gush out; If the soil paste is thick, spring thunder will move, and everything will be there. In ancient times, there were many people who could say this, including Dr. Qu. " Wang Guowei said: "Great poems can only be produced by combining the feelings of northerners with the imagination of southerners, that is, riding through the post stations in the north and south." Mr. Lu Xun said: "Qu Yuan in rhyme originated in Chu and was demoted, which is Li Sao." Escape is a great speech, outstanding in the world. Later generations were surprised by his literary talent and imitated it one after another, so it was produced in the original Chu, so it was called "Chu Ci". "Mr. Lu Xun commented on Historical Records as' a masterpiece of historians, and Li Sao has no rhyme', affirming its historical value and its literary value. The value of Li Sao is the same as that of Historical Records. Mr. Guo Moruo's comments on Qu Yuan and Qu Yuan's works can be found everywhere in this book. The following passage is even more intriguing, revealing the relationship between Qu Yuan and his works and the Chinese nation: "The Chu people exchanged the reputation of politically unifying China for the reputation of a Qu Yuan. ..... Qu Yuan created by Chu and Ci of Chu created by Qu Yuan actually unified China in spirit. If China people don't die, and China language doesn't die, the songs of the South will never be destroyed. The contribution of Chu people is immortal, and Qu Yuan is immortal. "

Scholars in past dynasties praised Qu Yuan's literary and artistic works. Apart from a large number of poems, there are also novels, plays and artistic works, among which the biographies of Qu Yuan by Shen Yazhi, Qu Yuan's Throwing into the River by Sui, Qu Zi Xing Yin Tu by Chen Hongshou, Li Sao Tu by Xiao and Makeup Li Sao Tu by Men have great influence. Contemporary poems, novels, plays, movies and TV plays praising Qu Yuan have mushroomed, among which Guo Moruo's Hamlet-style historical drama Qu Yuan is the most famous. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's performance in Chungking aroused the patriotic enthusiasm of China people and put them into the national war against Japanese invaders.

After the regime returned to the people, Qu Yuan's research activities flourished, from individual research to group research, specialized agency research, from overall comprehensive research to specific thematic research, all about Qu Yuan's birth and death, life experience, ideological character, characteristics of the times, political career, poetry creation and so on. , has become a research topic, its fiery degree spread all over China and even the world, making Qu Yuan move from an ancient oriental civilization dominated by traditional culture to an all-round open western world.

1982 Dragon Boat Festival, initiated by Hubei Academy of Social Sciences, Social Science Federation and Literary Federation, invited about 18 provinces and cities 120 experts, writers and artists from Qu Yuan to hold the first national "Qu Yuan Academic Seminar" in Zigui, Qu Yuan's hometown. In August 1983 and May 1984, two national "Qu Xue Seminars" were held in Dalian, Liaoning and Chengdu, Sichuan respectively. During the Dragon Boat Festival from 65438 to 0984, the first Qu Yuan research group in China-Hubei Qu Yuan Research Association (later renamed the Society) was established in Wuhan. Qu Yuan Society of Hunan Province was established in Yueyang on April 1985. In the same year, the Dragon Boat Festival held the inaugural meeting of Qu Yuan Society in jiangling county, Hubei Province. Professor Tang, a famous expert on Chu Ci, was elected honorary president, and another expert on Chu Ci, was elected president. As of May 1998, the Chinese Quyi Artists Association held six annual meetings in Fuyang, Zhejiang, Miluo, Hunan, Guiyang, Guizhou, Linfen, Shanxi, Jiangling, Hubei and Shenzhen, Guangdong. In addition to national activities, Qu Yuan research activities in various provinces and cities are also in the ascendant. Only the Quyuan Society of Hubei Province held many annual meetings in Wuhan, Huangshi, Xiangyang, Enshi, Jiangling, Yichang and other places, and achieved many research results. 1999 During the Dragon Boat Festival, the Chinese Qu Yuan Society returned to Zigui, Qu Yuan's hometown, and Professor Chu Binjie, the president of the Society, presided over the meeting, which drew a successful conclusion for the study of Qu Yuan in the 20th century.

Qu Yuan belongs to China as well as the world. In 1970s, Federlin, a famous sinologist in the former Soviet Union, put forward the important research topic of "the uniqueness and humanity of Qu Yuan's poems", which aroused worldwide interest in the study of Qu Yuan. Marked by the research content, foreign scholars have roughly formed three trends in the study of Qu Yuan and his works: the traditional style represented by Federlin, Sherebrie Iacov and Hungarian sinologist Tokai pays attention to the artistic value of Qu Yuan's works and its position in the history of world literature; The academic schools represented by Professor Iwao Fujino, Professor Wu Zhengxiong and Professor Kenichiro Inami in Japan pay attention to the textual research and interpretation of Qu Yuan's poems. Western Style, led by American sinologists Zhan Mu R. Haitao and Lawrence A. Schneider, and represented by British sinologist David Hawkes, French sinologist Dai Miwei and German sinologist Wei Deming, focuses on the subtle relationship between the monarch and the minister in ancient China from Qu Yuan's life experience and works, and deeply explores the historical and cultural background and internal and external conditions of Qu Yuan's political career and literary creation. Schneider's monograph has been fed back to China. Professor Inami Kenichiro made a special trip to China to attend the inaugural meeting of the Qu Yuan Society of China. Many Japanese scholars even think that the ancient Chu State is "the hometown of Japanese".

Qu Yuan's spirit plays a role in both ancient and contemporary times. Patriotism is the spiritual pillar of a nation, the cohesion of the country and society, and the touchstone for testing individual behavior at any time. When Qu Yuan was treated unfairly, he was advised to leave Chu. With his talent and reputation, kings all over the world welcomed him. During the Warring States period, the flow of talents had a broad market. Many people of insight can't be reused in their own countries, so they go to other countries to seek development. Especially those strategists who take lobbying as their profession are passionate about each other and become mothers when they have milk. Qu Yuan, who is concerned about the country and the people, "cannot bear to go to the country". He failed to serve the country, stayed away from the Chu Palace, and still "cared about Chu and the king", unwilling to leave his native land where he was born and raised. The greatness of Qu Yuan's spirit lies in that he can run away and never leave. The patriotic feeling of "the bird flies back to its hometown, and the fox dies first" persists in its own behavior.

Patriotism is the national spirit of Chinese nation. After Qu Yuan, such as Yang Ye in the Northern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei and Wen Tianxiang in the Southern Song Dynasty, Shi Kefa in the Ming Dynasty, Xia Wanchun in the Southern Song Dynasty, Lin Zexu and Deng Shichang in the Qing Dynasty, and outstanding sons and daughters of China's * * * production party, Shi Yang, Xia, Ji Hongchang and Jiang, died for their country. Their fearless spirit of dying made the executioner standing in front of them tremble with fear. "Since ancient times, no one has died in life, leaving a heart that shines on history"; "It doesn't matter if you behead, as long as it's true"; "I hate not to die for my country, but the shame of today. The country is still broken, why should I cherish this head? " The banner of patriotism is raised higher and higher in their hands, making them a symbol of the nation and a real fierce land that dares to shed blood for their ideals. Life is a hero, and death is a hero.

Qu Yuan died in the grave for more than 2,000 years, but actually came back to life in the middle of the 20th century, boarded Boeing, crossed the ocean, entered the western world known as the civilized country, broke into sacred institutions of higher learning, knocked on the study of famous scholars, and attracted them to hug him, worship him and study him like magnets. This is the power of personality, literature and justice. It is the expansion and extension of the splendid culture of the Chinese nation for 5,000 years. It transcends time and space and spreads all over the world, and all China people are proud of it.

1953, as a poet, Qu Yuan, together with Polish astronomer Copernicus, French writer rabelais, Cuban writer and national movement leader Jose Marti, became one of the four world cultural celebrities that the World Peace Council decided to commemorate that year.