How to evaluate the historical role of Huizhou clan system
Huizhou, as an important place for Zhu to spread Neo-Confucianism, was deeply influenced by Zhu's Neo-Confucianism, especially the family ceremony hosted by Zhu himself, which had a deep influence on Huizhou clans. "People attach importance to clan loyalty, attach importance to the world, and separate their loved ones, all of which are orderly." The success of Huizhou merchants provided material conditions for enhancing clan cohesion. By building ancestral temples, revising genealogy, purchasing clan property, building academies, running voluntary schools and popularizing academic fields, clan culture has been more recognized and strengthened, and clan system has been more perfect. At the same time, as an immigrant society, in order to survive, foreign clans also need to rely on patriarchal clan system and religious culture to strengthen clan cohesion. The combination of the two forms a super feudal patriarchal clan system in Huizhou society, which has become a major feature of Huizhou culture.
Historically, the stable social form in Huizhou for thousands of years fully illustrates the role and influence of the establishment, improvement and development of the harmonious management mechanism of Huizhou clan society. This can be summed up in four aspects: the influence of Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, the spread of Huizhou culture, the restriction of patriarchal clan system, and the network management of cultural and social organizations.
In the traditional clan system in Huizhou, the patriarchal clan system, as a rule to promote the coordination between people, has an important function of providing people with a framework or model of interaction between people. Its operation embodies the function of ethics or its dependence on ethics. Strict social norms, rights and obligations within the family are defined by the blood relationship passed down from generation to generation. The elders and the younger generation perform their duties, silently abide by the family's moral norms and rules and regulations, and must not exceed their authority. If you go beyond or violate it, you will be punished by your family. The so-called "home is home"
Law "is to effectively coordinate and control the friction disputes within the clan through the authority of elders such as the patriarch and informal rules including ethical norms, value orientation, morality, habits and other cultural factors, so as to realize the behavioral restraint of family members." Therefore, this special clan system adapts to the specific economic relations and humanistic environment, casts an ultra-stable social system, cultivates social personality, and embodies a management mode of "acquaintance society". The evaluation of its historical significance mainly includes the following points:
First, the cultural concept of building public welfare and benefiting the people under the patriarchal clan system has a far-reaching impact on Huizhou village culture and ethical cultivation. In ancient Huizhou, many public buildings and public welfare facilities, such as school buildings, were built with ancestral temples as a link, led by elders of various surnames and branches, based on the public warehouses of ancestral temples, supplemented by private donations, and raised money, goods and labor. Therefore, the ancestral hall has played a role in organizing social construction and managing the community based on the "righteous act" to a certain extent.
Secondly, from the perspective of Huizhou clan system, advocating Confucianism and respecting reading and teaching have deepened the rise and spread of Huizhou culture. Various clans and families in Huizhou generally attach great importance to promoting learning and educating talents, devote themselves to cultivating students, and expect their children to strive for success. In ancient Huizhou, there were many officials and businessmen. This is due to the function of ancestral temple culture as the carrier of patriarchal clan system. There are many literary museums in Huizhou ancestral temple, which are used to cultivate and bring up cultural talents. They also collect ancestral temple rent and set up a "learning valley reward system". Moreover, according to the Ancestral Temple Regulations, besides the elders, people who worship their ancestors must also have fame, so as to encourage them to study and become talents, make contributions and honor their ancestors. In this way, in Zhuangyuan County of ancient Huizhou, Juren Village has numerous medals. appear
Pit, for example, because there are many scholars and officials, Luodongxu Temple still preserves many couplets, plaques, celebrity paintings, ancient wood carvings and stone carvings. Formally, the first thing is to set up a school directly in the ancestral temple, teach the children of ethnic minorities, and raise money for candidates entering Beijing. The second is to use hanging plaques, temple couplets and couplets to carry forward and render the virtue of knowing and being reasonable; Thirdly, in the ancestral training, Zhu Cheng's neo-Confucianism thought "poor reading" is regarded as the ancestral training of family law.
Thirdly, the clan system in Huizhou has built an ultra-stable social structure in Huizhou, creating a long-term peaceful and stable environment for the social, economic and cultural development of Huizhou, which is conducive to the accumulation of wealth and the sustainable development of the economy. The idea of unity, mutual assistance and entrepreneurship emphasized by clan culture is conducive to integrating clan resources, improving the efficiency of resource use, and being more economically competitive under the closed, conservative and small-scale feudal small-scale peasant economy.
Fourth, in the patriarchal clan system, it highlights the cultural concept of guiding the cultivation of Deqing. Huizhou patriarchal clan system culture gives people a very prominent feeling, that is, many "family rules" and "family instructions" standing in ancestral halls and written in genealogy are all about educating future generations to pay attention to social morality, family morality, political official morality, business ethics and so on. Advocate filial piety, treat others with sincerity, take faith as the foundation and endure the world. It fully embodies Zhu's thought of "being right without seeking its benefits, knowing its way without considering its merits". It can be said that Huizhou ancestral temple has become an important place for moral education in ancient villages, laying a theoretical foundation for the establishment of a harmonious mechanism.
Fifth, the flexible concept of justice and benefit advocated by the patriarchal clan system gave Huizhou people an ethical basis to break through the feudal traditional concept of justice and benefit, and made the feudal emblem culture have the characteristics of commercial culture to a certain extent. In this relatively advanced culture,
In this way, the behavior of Huizhou people is more in line with the requirements of the development of productive forces and promotes the objective trend of Huizhou's commodity economy development.
Huizhou clan system has built an ultra-stable social structure in Huizhou, creating a long-term peaceful and stable environment for Huizhou's social, economic and cultural development, which is conducive to the accumulation of wealth and sustainable economic development. The idea of unity, mutual assistance and entrepreneurship emphasized by clan culture is conducive to integrating clan resources, improving the efficiency of resource use, and being more economically competitive under the closed, conservative and small-scale feudal small-scale peasant economy.