Mughal dynasty is the last dynasty in India, and its historical significance is greater than that of Peacock Dynasty and Gupta Dynasty which unified northern India before. Mughal dynasty is the first unified dynasty in India based on national reconciliation and religious tolerance, and its ruling spirit and territorial map still have great influence on India. Akbar the Great, who laid the foundation for all this, ranks second only to Ashoka among the Indian emperors in this list.
Akbar has a pedigree to show off. He is a direct descendant of Timur, and his mother is from Genghis Khan. His grandfather babur was originally a small Lord in Central Asia. Based in Kabul, he began the process of conquering India. After a series of incredible battles, his territory has expanded to the Ganges Delta. But when Akbar's father, Humayong, arrived, he was defeated by the rising new forces in Afghanistan and was forced into exile in Persia.
Akbar was born during his father's exile in Persia. Perhaps this is the reason why he has not received a good education and is almost illiterate. But he gained knowledge and information by reading to him, and he still became a learned emperor. Growing up in Persia made him a Shiite believer in Islam, but his faith was not stable.
Akbar returned to India with his father at the age of 12. Humayun returned to India with the support of the Persian Safi dynasty. He gradually pacified the chaotic factions in India and captured Delhi. However, in a good situation, Hu Mayong accidentally fell to his death. The vicissitudes of history finally pushed the young Akbar to the front desk.
In the first four years after Akbar succeeded to the throne, with the assistance of baram, he hit Afghans hard in the Battle of Panipat, and finally relieved the threat from the northwest highlands. 1560, Akbar is in charge. At this time, India was still in chaos. Although he occupied the center of India, Zhou Liren still outnumbered his powerful princes. However, various elements of conquerors, including ambition, confidence, strength, sense of honor and talent, flowed in his blood from his ancestors, making him unimpeded on the road to conquering India. His conquest was roughly divided into three stages, from 1560 to 1576, which unified all parts of northern India, including Malva, Rajput, Gujarat and Bengal. From 1576 to 1595, the spearhead pointed to the northwest, seized Afghanistan, the land of its ancestor Longxing, and annexed Sindh and Kashmir, which had been separated from India for many years; From 159 1, he launched a war to conquer the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula, which continued to his descendants.
Established a huge empire, and these martial arts were enough to make Akbar one of the great emperors in Indian history. Every great emperor in Indian history has made religious achievements, and Akbar is famous for advocating religious tolerance. Akbar has been a Muslim all his life, and India has always been a Hindu. At the age of 22, Akbar married Indian princess Rajput. This alliance of marriage and religion gave Akbar great support and helped him conquer India. Akbar took a favorable view of Hinduism, and he abolished the hajj tax on Hindu pilgrimage sites within his jurisdiction, and then abolished the poll tax on Hindus (it has always been the tradition of Muslim regime to levy poll tax on non-Muslims). The exemption of these two taxes has reduced the revenue of the state treasury a lot, but it has really made his regime take root in India.
There are many non-Muslims in Akbar's government, including the nephew of his Hindu concubine, Mann? Singh, there are also Hindus from the middle class, Todar? Mal is an excellent economist. Akbar's harem is also a model of religious tolerance. He married 30 women of different sects as queens. At first, his religious discussion hall only accommodated Islamic scholars, and later allowed scholars from Hinduism, Christianity, Jainism and Zoroastrianism to enter. The essence of the five major religions gathered together to debate the truth of religion, life, redemption, detachment and eternity. This is a once-in-a-lifetime event, and only the tolerant Akbar the Great can build such a wide hall. Akbar therefore came up with the idea of combining the five major religions into one, which is of course impossible.
Akbar has made great achievements not only in religion but also in internal affairs. He strengthened centralization and deified the monarch, and his personal power surpassed that of the previous Indian monarch. Of course, there are many local princes in remote areas who only recognize their suzerainty and tribute, but retain a considerable degree of autonomy, which is an unchangeable feature of Indian politics. Akbar made the military fief system prevailing in the Middle East take root in India. Local officials at all levels conferred ranks, and nobles at all levels became feudal lords who accepted state fiefs. The price of accepting these fiefs is to provide the country with a corresponding number of cavalry. He redefined the national tax area, improved the tax system, unified the national weights and measures, and encouraged the development of industry and commerce.
Akbar era was the golden age of Mughal dynasty. His two successors, Jia and Sha Jiahan, maintained the prosperity of the empire. The extreme religious policies and expansionist spirit in the aurangzeb era (1658- 1707) damaged the foundation of the empire, and eventually it turned from prosperity to decline. However, this dynasty lasted until 1857 and was never set in the empire.
Akbar is notorious for letting soldiers slaughter 30 thousand people in the war against Meval. But many of his decrees have the brilliance of kindness. He abolished the custom of selling prisoners of war as slaves, resented the bad habit of forcing widows to set themselves on fire as martyrs in Hinduism, and sent commissioners to various places to ban this crime.