First, China ancient archives before the use of paper.
Generally speaking, China's ancient archives are rare in the world in terms of age, quantity, content and value. Before the use of paper, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bamboo slips and silks, iron scroll gold books and other colorful ancient files are as follows.
China and the world have left extremely valuable historical and cultural heritage.
(1) Oracle Bone Inscriptions archives
According to the unearthed objects and reliable records, the archives of Shang and Zhou Dynasties include Oracle Bone Inscriptions, copper, iron, Zhong Ding, stone carvings, silk books and simplified books.
(2) Stone archives
There are different understandings and specific classifications about the appellations of Jin Wen, Zhong Ding and Jinshi in some ancient and modern works.
(3) Bamboo Slips Archives
Although the stone archives are durable, their carriers are relatively heavy, the workload of inscription is heavy, and it is not convenient to transfer them. Therefore, from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, especially from the Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasty 1000 years, writing documents and saving files with bamboo pieces and boards is often called
Simple strategies, bamboo slips, simple books and so on.
(4) Silk archives
Almost simultaneously with bamboo slips, there are books and silk books. According to experts' speculation, silk books, like classic books, existed in the Yin and Shang Dynasties.
Second, the situation before the use of paper in ancient foreign archives
In the long ancient civilization, people all over the world have created a wide variety of files with their own characteristics and rich contents. Here are just some of them that have been widely used and handed down.
8 kinds of files: stone carving file, mud file, papyrus file, parchment file, wax file, metal file, palm leaf file and birch bark file.
(1) Stone Carving Archives
At present, the famous stone carving archives preserved in the world are: 1, autobiography of Mei Teng 2, Palermo stone carving 3 code of hammurabi.
(2)
Mud file
Clay tablets are mainly found in the ancient two river basins, and also unearthed in Egypt, West Asia and Crete, Greece. Sumerians in the ancient two river basins began to make clay tablets of various shapes around 3000 BC, and then pressed lines on the clay tablets with strings, and carved or pressed characters on the clay tablets with triangular wooden sticks, bone sticks or pointed stone sticks. This is the earliest file box.
The earliest practical example of applying portfolio evaluation to educational research in modern times is the 20 10 portfolio popular in the United States. "Zero Project" carried out by Harvard University School of Education. 1967, N. Goodman, a philosopher who was then a professor at Harvard University School of Education, launched an art education activity. By 1972, the "Zero Project" was inherited and developed by H Gardner, a famous psychologist who put forward the theory of "multiple intelligences", and its influence quickly spread to all countries in the world, not just the United States. As we all know, early standardized tests can only measure verbal intelligence and mathematical logic intelligence. In fact, in addition to these intelligences, humans also have a variety of intelligences such as using vision, using music, and interacting with people. This is Gardner's multiple intelligence theory. Gardner emphasized that education should attach importance to the development and practice of all these intelligences, and called him "the education of understanding". In the practice of "zero project", children pursue the goals set in a specific field and use a method called portfolio to evaluate their learning. This evaluation method not only looks at the final works, but also pays more attention to the development and understanding of learning. What the field suggests is that it can let students know what they should pursue and what they need. Portfolio evaluation pays special attention to students' strengths, weaknesses and behaviors that dare to challenge, emphasizes that evaluation and learning are inseparable and integrated, and pays attention to the gradual development and change of learning. Students use self-evaluation to evaluate their enthusiasm for learning and engage in inventions and creations like real experts in activities.