Hello, I'm glad to answer your question, Sino-Japanese War1894-1894 ~1895, the Japanese invasion of China and Korea. 1894 (20th year of Guangxu) broke out. According to China's calendar, that year was the Sino-Japanese War, so it was called the Sino-Japanese War. It has a long history that Japan started a war and planned to annex Korea and invade China in the west. 1in the spring of 894, the peasant uprising of the East Learning Party broke out in North Korea, and the North Korean government requested the Qing government to send troops to help suppress it. At the same time, the Japanese government also induced the Qing government to send troops to create an excuse for sending troops to North Korea. After receiving the request from the North Korean government, the Qing government sent Ye Zhichao, governor of Zhili, and Nie Shicheng, commander-in-chief of Taiyuan Town, to North Korea in batches according to the Sino-Japanese Tianjin Treaty 1885, and sent a telegram to Wang Fengzao, ambassador to Japan, to inform the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At that time, the Japanese cabinet, seeing the plot succeed, sent troops into the DPRK to occupy various strategic locations near Seoul, and set up a base camp attended by the chief of staff, deputy chief of staff, war chief and naval operations minister as the highest leading organ to direct the war of aggression. Japanese Foreign Minister Luo Ozongguang instructed Keisuke, the ambassador to the DPRK, to "take temporary measures as deemed appropriate" and authorized Keisuke to stir up trouble and launch a war of aggression. When China and Japan sent troops to Korea, the North Korean government had accepted the request put forward by the Eastern Learning Party Uprising Army. The two sides signed an armistice agreement and the Uprising Army withdrew from the whole state. The Korean civil war has actually stopped, and the Qing army has not fought with the Dongxue Party Uprising Army. In order to eliminate the excuse of Japanese invasion, the North Korean government requested China to withdraw its troops on June 13. Ye Zhichao is going to cross the river from Yashan within the scheduled time limit, and the Qing government requires the Japanese army to withdraw at the same time. Although Japan lost the excuse of sending troops to North Korea, it still insisted on expanding the incident and brought about the breakdown of Sino-Japanese relations. It not only refused to withdraw its troops, but continued to send more troops to North Korea, and put forward a so-called plan to jointly "reform" North Korea's internal affairs in order to achieve the dual purpose of keeping the Japanese army in North China and delaying it. On July 12, Lu Ao sent a telegram to Big Bird: "It is necessary to take decisive measures at present", "You might as well start practical action immediately under any excuse". After receiving the instructions, Big Bird made a series of tough demands on 19 and 20, coercing the DPRK government to abolish the Sino-DPRK Trade Treaty and expelling the Korean army from the country. On 23rd, the Japanese army captured the Korean Palace, detained King Li Xi, and set up a puppet government headed by Li Yunying, the grand courtyard monarch. On the 25th, Big Bird ordered Dayuan Army to announce the abolition of all commercial agreements between China and North Korea, and "authorized" the Japanese army to expel the Qing army stationed in Yashan. On the same day, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on China's navy near Akio Toyoda and sank the China troop carrier "Goldman Sachs"; At the same time, the Japanese army launched an attack on China's troops stationed in Yashan, which finally provoked a war of aggression. /kloc-in August (the first day of July), the Chinese and Japanese governments declared war at the same time. The Sino-Japanese War began. The whole process of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894 includes three stages: the first stage,1July 25th, 894 to1September 7th. At this time, within the Qing court, the hawks headed by Emperor Guangxu prevailed. Empress Dowager Cixi is sixty years old. She hopes to end the war as soon as possible so as not to delay her big celebration. Therefore, she tends to make peace, but because of the clear discussion, she dare not openly advocate peace. At this stage, the war was carried out on the Korean peninsula and at sea, the land war was mainly the battle of Pyongyang, and the naval battle was mainly the naval battle of the Yellow Sea. The battle of Pyongyang took place on September 15, which was the first large-scale battle between the two armies. At that time, there were 35 battalions of the Qing army stationed in Pyongyang, 1.7 million people; There are more than 16,000 Japanese troops attacking Pyongyang, and the two sides are evenly matched. The battle was launched on three battlefields at the same time: one was the battlefield on the south bank of Datong River. At three o'clock in the morning, the ninth Hunchenglv of the Japanese army, under the command of Major General Yoshimasa Shima, first attacked the Qing army on the south bank of the Datong River. Ma Yu, the company commander of Taiyuan Town, fought bravely. Japanese soldiers suffered heavy casualties and were unable to fight again. Shimafang was injured and had to be ordered to retreat. Leave the battlefield at 2 pm. The second is the battlefield outside Xuanwu Gate. Xuanwu Gate is the main attack direction of the Japanese army, so it concentrated its superior forces, including the 10th Brigade (also known as Shuoning Detachment) and the 18th United Wing (also known as Yuanshan Detachment). The company commander of Gaozhou Town left the Xuanwu Gate to command and personally fired and shelled the enemy. The officers and men were emotional and bravely killed the enemy. In the fierce battle, Zuo was unfortunately killed by gunfire, and his three battalion officers were killed one after another. At 2 pm, Xuanwu Gate was captured by the Japanese army. The Japanese army tried to advance into the city, but was blocked by the Qing army and had to retreat to Xuanwu Gate. The third is the southwest battlefield of the city. At seven o'clock in the morning, Lieutenant General Nojin Daoguan personally led the team of the Japanese Fifth Division, covering the infantry charge with artillery fire from the southwest of Pyongyang, and the Qing cavalry counterattacked. At noon, Nojin Taoist temple saw that it was difficult to succeed, and ordered to suspend the attack and return to the station. At this time, for the Qing army, war was still possible, but Ye Zhichao, the great president (commander in chief) of the Qing army, was afraid of death. At four o'clock in the afternoon, he put up a white flag to stop resisting and ordered the whole army to retreat. In six days, the Qing army attacked 500 Li, crossed the Yalu River and returned to China on 2 1. The Japanese army occupied the whole territory of Korea. The Yellow Sea naval battle took place on September 17, which was a major decisive battle between the Chinese and Japanese navies. It occurred in the waters near Dadonggou (now Donggou, Liaoning Province) at the mouth of Yalu River. Beiyang fleet has 10 warships, and the Japanese navy has 12 warships. After the midday war, beiyang fleet successively hit the Japanese warships Birui, Chicheng and Xijing Maru. But beiyang fleet's Zhiyuan ship was also seriously injured. In order to protect the flagship, Deng Shichang, head of the pipeline, ordered the enemy pioneer ship "Yoshino" to rush to mutually assured destruction. Unfortunately, more than 200 people were killed by enemy torpedoes. In the afternoon, four of the beiyang fleet 10 ships sank, two escaped and two were injured. Only Dingyuan and Zhenyuan armored ships are still fighting bravely, hitting the Japanese flagship Matsushima. At 5: 30 pm, the Japanese fleet withdrew from the battlefield. After the wars in Pyongyang and the Yellow Sea, the Japanese side wantonly created public opinion and played up the victory, which further stimulated its ambition to expand the war of aggression. In the Qing Dynasty, Li Hongzhang, who was in charge of military command, exaggerated his failure and further promoted his passive policy of avoiding war. At the same time, the peace of Empress Dowager Cixi gradually became clear. The second stage, from1September 894 17 to165438+1October 22nd. This stage of the war was carried out in Liaodong Peninsula, including the Yalu River Defence War and the Jin-Lu Campaign. The defending battle of Yalu River began on June 24th, 10, which was the first defending battle of Qing army against Japanese invasion of China. At that time, there were 82 battalions of Qing troops deployed on the north bank of Yalu River, with about 28,000 people. The Qing government appointed Song Qing as commander-in-chief to control the army. The Japanese attack force is the first army under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo, including the Third Division of Lieutenant General Kyotaro and the Fifth Division of Lieutenant General Nojin Dojo, with a total of 30,000 people. The two sides are equal in strength. However, although Song Qing controlled the army in the name, the army actually refused to accept the dispatch, and their morale was low, so many generals were not determined to resist the enemy. At eleven o'clock before noon that day, the Japanese army successfully swam across the river in front of Anping River mouth in the upper reaches of Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area. That night, the Japanese army set up a pontoon bridge in the middle reaches of the Yalu River near Hushan, and the Qing army did not notice it. At six o'clock in the morning on the 25th, the Japanese army crossed the pontoon bridge and launched an attack on the position of the Qing army in Hushan. Ma Xujin and Nie Shicheng, the commanders and fighters of the Qing army, fought back heroically, but they were forced to withdraw from their positions because of the situation and suffered heavy casualties. The Japanese army then occupied Hushan. Other ministries of the Qing army heard that Hushan fell and fled without fighting. On 26th, the Japanese army occupied Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area and Andong County (now Dandong) without firing a shot. In less than three days, the Yalu River defense line guarded by nearly 30 thousand troops of the Qing army collapsed across the board. The Golden Journey War also began on October 24th, 65438/kloc-0, and fell to Lushunkou on October 22nd, 165438/kloc-0, which was the key battle of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. On the same day that the first Japanese army attacked the Qing army's Yalu River defense line, the second army led by General ōyama Iwao, with 25,000 men, began to land at Huayuankou on the road behind Lushun under the cover of Japanese ships. The Japanese army's landing activities lasted for twelve days, and the Qing army actually sat idly by. 165438+1October 6th, Japanese troops occupied Jinzhou (now Jinxian, Liaoning). On the 7th, the Japanese army attacked Dalian Bay in three ways, and found that the Qing army had already broken up and won Dalian Bay without fighting. After ten days' rest in Dalian Bay, the Japanese army began to advance to Lushun. At that time, there were seven commanders of the Qing army in Lushun area, and Taoist Gong was the former general manager of the enemy camp. He is famous for his "hidden handsome", commanding 33 battalions, with about1.3000 people. 18, the Japanese striker invaded Tuchengzi, and Xu Bangdao commanded Gong Weijun to bravely resist and repel the Japanese army. On that day, Gong Zhaomian ignored the whole army and fled to Yantai by torpedo boat. 19, Huang Shilin, Zhao Huaiye and Wei Rucheng also fled. On 2 1 day, the Japanese army launched a general attack on Lushunkou. 22, the occupation of Lushunkou, a bloodbath of the city. With the retreat of the Qing army, within the Qing court, the pacifists prevailed and surrendered wantonly. After the fall of Lushunkou, the Japanese navy gained an important base in Bohai Bay. Since then, the Beiyang portal has been opened, and beiyang fleet has been hidden in Ahava Port, and the situation has taken a turn for the worse. The third stage,1894165438+1October 22nd to1April 89517th. At this stage, the war was fought in Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong, including ahava and Liaodong. The Battle of ahava was a defensive war to defend the Beiyang naval base, and it was also beiyang fleet's last war against Japan. At that time, there were 26 Beiyang Navy ships in Ahava Port. 1895 65438+1on October 20th, the second Japanese army, under the command of General ōyama Iwao, including Lieutenant General Mita's Second Division and Lieutenant General Heimuweizhen's Sixth Division, with a total of 25,000 men, began to land on Rongcheng Longxu Island under the cover of Japanese ships, and all of them landed on the 23rd. On 30th, the Japanese army concentrated on attacking Nanbangbao in Ahava. There are only six battalions of the Qing army in Nanbangbao, with 3,000 people. Zhou Jiaen, the camp official, guarded the position of Motianling, bravely resisted and sacrificed heroically. The Japanese army also suffered heavy casualties, and its left-wing commander Major General Kang Cheng was shot and killed. Because the enemy was outnumbered, Nanbang Fort was finally captured by the Japanese army. On February 3, the Japanese army occupied Weihai Acropolis. Weihai was occupied by the enemy, and Ding's command became an island. Over the past few days, the Japanese army launched eight attacks on Liu Gongdao and beiyang fleet in Weihai Port in coordination with land and water, all of which were repelled. During this period, the commander of the Japanese joint fleet, Ito Sukehiro, sent a letter to Ding to surrender, which was rejected by Ding. In the early morning of the 5th, the flagship Dingyuan Zhong Lei ran aground and continued to fight as a "water battery". 10, Dingyuan ran out of ammunition, Liu ordered the ship to sink, and resolutely committed suicide with the ship in order to avoid the enemy. On June 1 1, Ding refused to commit suicide under the threat of foreign officers transferred from Weihai business office and major generals such as Niu Chang. The foreigner and Niu Chang \ \ \ \ \ \ \ Yang Yonglin refused and committed suicide. In June, 5438+02, the surrender was drafted by Hao Wei, a foreign member of the United States, and in the name of Ding, Guangzhou Automobile Pipe was sent to the Japanese flagship. 14, Niu Chang and Ito Sukehiro signed the Liu Gongdao Surrender Treaty, agreeing to hand over all the ships in Ahava Port, the Liu Gongdao Fort and all the ordnance materials on the island to the Japanese army. 17, Japanese troops landed in Liu Gongdao, Ahava naval base fell, and beiyang fleet was wiped out. (See color map insert 1 16) The battle of Liaodong lasted for a long time. Since the Japanese army broke through the Yalu River defense line of the Qing army, it has successively occupied Phoenix, Xiuyan and Haicheng. The Qing government transferred Liu Kunyi, the governor of the two rivers, as an imperial envoy, supervised the military affairs of the Eastern Expedition, granted full command of the military affairs inside and outside Shanhaiguan, and appointed Wu Dayou and Song Qing, the governors of the two rivers, as emissaries, in order to save the decline. From1895 65438+1October 17, the Qing army launched four campaigns to recapture Haicheng, all of which ended in failure. On February 28th, the Japanese army invaded from Haicheng, captured Niuzhuang on March 4th, took Yingkou without fighting on the 7th, and captured Tianzhuangtai on the 9th. In just over ten days, more than 60,000 troops from more than 0/00 battalions of Qing Army/KLOC fled from the whole east bank of Liaohe River. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki With the defeat of the war, the Qing government further strengthened begging activities. 1 1 In February, it was decided to send Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary to Japan for peace talks. On April 17, 2007, Li Hongzhang, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Ito and Foreign Minister Lu Aozong-guang signed the treaty of shimonoseki, including eleven clauses of the Peace Treaty, three clauses of the Additional Agreement, three clauses of the Special Terms for Negotiation and two clauses of the Special Terms for the Delay of Armistice. The main contents of the treaty are: ① China recognizes North Korea's "complete independence"; In fact, it recognizes Japan's control over North Korea; (2) China ceded Liaodong Peninsula, the whole island of Taiwan Province Province and all its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan; (3) China "compensated" the Japanese army for twenty-two thousand Kuping silver; (4) Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou are open as trading ports, and the Japanese government can send consular officials at the above ports, and Japanese ships can enter the above ports to carry passengers and load; (5) Japanese subjects have the right to engage in all kinds of technical manufacturing in China's trading port cities, and to ship and import all kinds of machines at will, and their products are exempt from all miscellaneous taxes and enjoy the convenience of setting up warehouses in the mainland; ⑥ The Japanese army temporarily occupied Ahava, and the China government paid the occupation fee of 502,000 kuping silver every year. Japan did not withdraw its occupation troops before paying the compensation in the late Qing Dynasty; ⑦ After this agreement is approved for exchange, the two countries will return all prisoners of war. The China government will not dispose of the surrenders among prisoners of war, immediately release the detained spies who served the Japanese army, and pardon all traitors who served the Japanese army in the war without being investigated. The signing of this treaty further deepened the semi-colonization of China society, and at the same time became an important turning point in China's modern national awakening.