Ningyuan ancient city
Some officials are dissatisfied with Gaudi's blind retreat and have written to protest. Guan Jin Youliangtun passed on a sentence from Jin Qichen and presented a photo: "Jinyouliangtun and Daling are all important frontier positions. If the troops retreat, the safe people will return to exile (lí), and the government they have won will be lost. How many times can I retreat from the customs? " Yuan Chonghuan strives to: the soldiers cannot be withdrawn, the city cannot be abandoned, the people cannot be moved, and the fields cannot be abandoned. He quoted from-Qi's "A Photo" and revealed the high-order tools to run in Liaodong:
The art of war advances without retreating. In Jin and Right areas, soldiers have been stationed, grain has been stored, and officials have deployed. Is it safe to withdraw without observing? There is absolutely no reason. Taking off a trick to show the enemy's weakness is not only an eastern slave, but also a western slave, and it is even more light. The loss of Liuhe was due to the greed of several generations and their own death. Because of this, the castle was evacuated, the residents were moved, and the brocade and the Rightists were shaken. It is not the courage of the Tao to be better off than to be surprised by the front.
Yuan Chonghuan firmly believes that Jinzhou, Youtun and Daling River "stand tall, hold their ground, stay ahead and recover". In other words, resolutely defend and advance while defending. If you lose your land, you will definitely recover.
Relying on the potential flame of "giving Fang Jian and riding a python jade belt" and taking eunuchs as the background, Emperor Gao not only insisted on withdrawing Jinzhou, Youtun and Daling River, but also spread the news of withdrawing Ning (far) Qiantun Road to guard against it. Yuan Chonghuan, Qian Ning Road, is determined to ambush Ningyuan to defend the isolated city. He said simply:
Knife should be better, the former is life and death! If you retreat rather than advance, you will not advance ahead, and you will be a traitor alone in the lonely city!
Yuan Chonghuan is just a "better than before" junior official with no background in North Korea. It's audacious to dare to disobey the will of the Minister of War and Ji Liao. However, judging from his daring to talk big and defend the Liao country for five years and dare to kill Mao Longwen instead of selling the emperor's account, his bold nature has always been like this.
In desperation, Gao Di withdrew the guards from Jinzhou, Youtun, Dalinghe, Songshan, Xingshan and Tashan, drove the troops and people into the pass, and abandoned 65,438+10,000 stones in the grain valley. This time, the army retreated without a fight, the morale of the army was low, the people's grievances were boiling, and they left their homes one after another, with a dead end and crying loudly.
Yuan Chonghuan, the former leader of Qian Ning Road, lost the support of Ji Liao, the minister of the Ministry of War, and Xie Han, the bachelor of normal education, and Sun Chengzong, the master of normal education. Under the extremely unfavorable situation that the fortress outside the customs was removed and the soldiers and civilians entered the customs, he led more than 10 thousand officers and men to defend Ningyuan alone to resist the invasion of the late Jin army.
In the four years after the occupation of Quang Ninh, Nurhachi, the leader of the Japanese invaders, made a great event, that is, moved the capital to Shenyang. In the fifth year of the apocalypse (1625), Nurhachi moved his capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang. After Jindu moved to the west, it showed that Nuerhachi wanted to further consolidate his rule in Liaoshen area, and then made greater moves to the Ming Dynasty. However, although he sent troops to capture Lushun, he did not attack the Ming Dynasty on a large scale. At this time, he was busy consolidating his rule in Liaoshen area-rectifying internal affairs, transporting grain by immigrants, training the army, developing production, implementing social reform and suppressing the resistance of the people in China. At the same time, because Sun Chengzong and Yuan Chonghuan's defensive work is methodical and impeccable, they are not too sure to make a move. Therefore, Nurhachi dormant, waiting for the opportunity. Nurhachi, who is good at waiting for opportunities, once took the opportunity to step down and seize Shen and Liao; This time, I was informed that Sun Chengzong had already left, and Gaudi had retreated to Shanhaiguan and Ningyuan, and decided to attack Ningyuan City.
Ningyuan Ancient City Zushi North
The military information that the Jin army was going to cross the river on a large scale was discovered by the Ming army. On the sixth day of the first month in the sixth year of the Apocalypse (1626), I was told by Gaudi: "Slave thieves hope to collect food from Youzhai and cross the river around the fifteenth day of the first month." Sure enough, the late Jin army crossed the Liaohe River and came to the west. Later, on the tenth day of the tenth lunar month, Nurhachi left Shifangbao and went to Quang Ninh for encirclement and suppression. 12, return to Shenyang. Nurhachi immediately ordered the ox to record its surrender, and the officials prepared 30 ox carts and 30 sledges, each with 3 pairs of cymbals and 3 buckets of fried rice. Is to prepare ox carts, sledges, shoes, dry food, etc. When he was ready, he led his division to the war.
On the 14th day of the first month, the enemy leader Nurhachi led Wang with an army of 60,000, claiming to be 200,000, and attacked Ningyuan. 17, Xidu Liaohe River. The Eight Banners Army is spread all over the western Liaoning plain, and the official books say that there is an endless stream, with unpredictable head and tail, flags like tides and swords like forests. The Eight Banners are mighty and majestic, and pounce on Ningyuan.
After the nomads from the Liao River crossed, the alarm reached the Ming Dynasty, and the whole country was furious and worried. Wang Yongguang, the minister of the Ministry of War, "called courtiers to discuss peace and defend the war, and there was no good plan". Gao Di and Yang Qi, commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, were frightened by the police and didn't know what to do. They retreated to Shanhaiguan to gather troops. Taoist Liu Zhao and others wanted to go through the customs in 2000, and they were withdrawn by the military forces issued by the higher authorities. Bailey's reinforcements were crowded in the loyal courtyard, while Li Pinghu's reinforcements were less than 700 people and retreated to the middle front yard. So at the critical moment of Ningyuan, "no one closed the door to help." Yuan Chonghuan has no reinforcements in the future, and it will face a powerful enemy in the future: the Eight Banners Army has fallen into eight castles, including Youtun, Daling River, Jinzhou, He Xiaoling, Songshan, Xingshan, Tashan and Lianshan. The original defenders had already retreated to the pass, and then the nomads from the army went straight to Ningyuan without resistance.
Yuan Chonghuan was stationed in Ningyuan, an isolated city with less than twenty thousand foot soldiers. But the soldiers and civilians in the city, "live if they die, but live if they don't die", vowed to live and die together with the city. In the face of an emergency, he played badly and made up his mind: "I am rushing forward to fight for my intelligence. I hope to be a slave." He took the advice of the generals and made the following preparations for guarding the city:
First, formulate a military strategy and stick to it according to the city. Before the Ningyuan War, the strength was very different. Yuan Chonghuan faced a formidable enemy in front, but there were no reinforcements behind. Mongolia in the west is weak, North Korea in the east is helpless, and western Liaoning is isolated from Ningyuan. Only by consolidating the city can we persist. He tasted: "defense is the right way, fighting is the strange thing, and money is the side road." It's not empty, it's not sudden. " He learned a painful lesson from the fall of Fu (Shun), Qing (He), Kai (Yuan), Tie (Ling), Shen (Yang), Liao (Yang), (Ping) and Guang (Ning), and decided to hold on to one city until death. The enemy cannot be lured out of the city, and the enemy cannot fight. The main points of Yuan Chonghuan's defense against Ningyuan are: withdrawn, stubborn and persistent.
Second, boost morale and delimit the land separately. Yuan Chonghuan was in Mangui with his company commanders, his deputies, Zhu Mei and Zu Dashou, and defended his plan. Biographies of He, Zhuang Lie, Chou He Jia, Liu Guangzuo and Ma Shilong in Ming Dynasty are all "programs". The Biography of Yuan Chonghuan in Ming Dynasty is called "Gang". , sentenced to Jin Qiqi, etc. Assemble soldiers to defend Ningyuan to the death. He "pricked blood for books, inspired loyalty, worshipped for it, and begged for death when the soldiers were salty." The officers and men separately deployed to guard the city and defined their responsibilities: the general commander Mangui guarded the east, the deputy commander Zuo Fu guarded the west, the general commander Zu Dashou guarded the south, and the deputy commander Zhu Mei guarded the north; In the whole city, the branches are tied, defending each other and helping each other. Yuan Chonghuan is located in the Drum Tower in the city, commanding the overall situation, and the overseers stick to it.
Third, repair the platform protection spear (chònɡ) and deploy artillery. On Ningyuan City, Yuan Chonghuan implemented the deployment of "protecting the city with Taiwan, protecting the city with shovels and protecting the people with the city". He set up a red cannon (red cannon) in Ningyuan city, which is the western cannon. Hony Gun is an early Portuguese gun, which has the characteristics of long barrel, thick wall, long range and great power. It is a powerful cannon to kill dense cavalry. 1. Four Hony cannons and 26 cannons were purchased from Macao, with a total of 30 guns, including Capital 18, Bombing 1 Gate and Shanhai 1 1 Gate. When the enemy soldiers approached, Yuan Chonghuan adopted the advice of Mao and Lama Wang, brought the western artillery 1 1 into the city, made a cannon car, set up the city arm in arm, prepared enough ammunition and trained gunners. Officials, such as Sun and Peng Maogu, were trained by the Portuguese in a camp in Beijing, training and using gunmen. This door 1 1 west cannon was erected on Ningyuan City, becoming the latest powerful weapon for Yuan Chonghuan to withdraw from the enemy of the city by shelling.
Fourth, keep the walls clear and guard against spies. Yuan Chonghuan ordered the burning of houses outside the city, the accumulation of straw, the transfer of merchants into the city, and the transfer of grain and supplies to Juehua Island. He also led spies to inspect with Guan Cheng, saying, "The people in the street are looking for spies, but it is only from time to time"; Send students to patrol the intersection of streets and lanes. In Ningyuan city, there are no "traitors" and no spies. First of all, the cities in Liaodong-Fushun, Qinghe, Kaiyuan, Tieling, Shenyang, Liaoyang and Guangning-all fell because of "internal harmony". And "the traitor who has never visited Ningyuan alone should be a spy."
Fifth, military-civilian joint defense, grain delivery and ammunition transportation. Yuan Chonghuan ordered Qi Jin to press the four corners of the city, arranged civilian workers, and provided food for soldiers guarding the city. Pei Guozhen, a Wei official, was sent to lead the businessmen in the city, sending arrows and bullets. In the process of defending Ningyuan City, Yuan Chonghuan can unite the army and the people, cooperate with each other, share the same fate, live and die together, and the whole army and Ningyuan people Qi Xin work together to defend Ningyuan City and resist the invasion of the late Jin Dynasty.
Sixth, rectify military discipline and wait and see. Yuan Chonghuan strict military discipline, sent officials to patrol the city, ordered the officers and men to act in disorder, and the soldiers in the city were killed when they entered the city. The officers and men went up and down, guarding the city with one heart. "If you use the only method, you will have a different heart. This is the way to worship and encourage soldiers to defend their duties. Those who finish the city are also here. " He also got the information of Houjin. When everything is ready, stop waiting for the enemy
Seventh, reward courage and boost morale with heavy money. He always attached great importance to the rewards of officers and men, especially when the war was urgent, and ordered to take 1 1 100 and put it in the city. Yuan Chonghuan announced that all officers and men who can defeat the enemy and avoid difficulties and obstacles will be rewarded immediately with a silver ingot, and those who bravely retreat from the enemy will be rewarded.
Eighth, prevent desertion and make arrangements in advance. He ordered Zhao Lvjiao, the garrison commander of Qiantun, and Yang Jiaqi, the garrison commander of Shanhaiguan, and all soldiers of Ningyuan fled to Qiantun and Shanhaiguan, and seized the beheading to prevent military discipline. At that time, Shanhaiguan was guarded by Gaudi in Luo Jing, Liaodong, and Yang Jiaqi, the company commander of Shanhaiguan, was not under his command. His authority can only be managed in Ningyuan and Qiantun. In a military emergency, he overstepped his authority.
Strategic Significance: Overlooking Juehua Island (now Chrysanthemum Island)
Juehua Island is very valuable.
First, location is critical. Juehua Island is suspended in western Liaoning Bay, offshore 18, 30 miles away from Ningyuan. Located in the east, west, sea and land, bordering on land and water in western Liaoning. As early as the Tang Dynasty, Juehua Island was developed and its port was famous. Its northern harbor, named Luokou, has become an important port on the island, entering and leaving the throat of the island. In the Ming Dynasty, the island stored military food, and Juehua Island became the base for the Ming army to hoard food. Sun Chengzong not only manages the fortification and garrison of Ningyuan City, but also manages the grain depot and shipping administration department of Juehua Island.
Juehua Island (Chrysanthemum Island)
Second, hoarding food. Sesame Bay (Zhimiao Bay), Bijiashan and Juehua Island are important bases for the Ming army to store grain at sea in western Liaoning. After the fall of Guangning in the Ming Dynasty, the garrison was concentrated in Ningyuan City and the grain depot was concentrated in Juehua Island. Juehua Island has a main island and three small islands-now called Mopan Island, Zhangshan Island and Yanshan Island, totaling 13? 5 square kilometers, of which the main island 12? 5 square kilometers. The main island is "wide at both ends, narrow in the middle, irregular gourd-shaped, hanging alone in the sea." According to the reconnaissance, the brief description of this grain storage city is as follows: "Juehua Island Ming Grain Storage City, the remains are clearly visible so far. The city is rectangular, about 500 meters long from north to south, 250 meters wide from east to west, with a wall height of about 10 meter and a bottom width of about 6 meters. There is a door on the north wall, which leads to the port outside the city and is a channel for transporting food and equipment; There are two gates on the south wall, which are connected with the' Dragon Neck' to facilitate the exchanges on the island; There are no doors on the east and west walls, which is conducive to defense. There are grain depots, material piles, barracks relics of officers and men guarding the city, and a drainage ditch running through the north and south. "
Third, form a navy. In the Ming Dynasty, on Juehua Island, before the fall of Guangning, "a sailor with a golden crown was transported there". Before Sun Chengzong went through the customs, he ordered Longying and Barracks to guard China Island. Soon, Guo Ning sent sailors to guard Juehua Island. The navy of Mingjuehua Island is still under the command of the guerrilla Golden Crown. Its functions: first, to guard the food and equipment on the island; The second is to cooperate with the marine division to restore lost land in Liaodong; The third is to coordinate the defense of Ningyuan City-the literature records: "Those who build eight miles are the key to building Ningyuan, and even 40,000 miles are used as the rush of Ningyuan, which contradicts Juehua Island. When you look at the city, the soldiers on the island make a three-pronged pontoon bridge and then beat it around. "