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Exploring the Rise, Prosperity and Decline of the Qin Dynasty
In the history of China, Qin Shihuang was an incredible figure, and the Qin Dynasty was also a puzzling dynasty. Since the Qin Dynasty, China has formed a unified country with the Han nationality as the main body. No matter whether the strongmen are openly separated or foreign countries invade and establish political power, they will always revert to a unified country with the Han nationality as the main body. Emperor is a new term created by Qin Shihuang. The evaluation of an emperor in history can only be judged by his performance. Qin Shihuang is such a figure. From his death to the present, scholars in past dynasties have criticized him, such as Jia Yi's censure, Zhang He's praise from Xiao Yishan, Gu Jiegang's and Guo Moruo's criticism, and so on. Although Qin Shihuang was a tyrant, many systems he created met the needs of the society at that time. If we put aside Ying Zheng's character and actions, and the short-lived demise of the Qin Dynasty, we can only say that China was politically unified in 22 1 year BC, that is, about 200 years before the birth of Western Jesus Christ. And since then, it has been unified into a natural state and divided into an abnormal state (even if it is divided for a long time, people's hearts still tend to be unified; Even the exiled imperial court still takes reunification as its lifelong ambition. This is a unique phenomenon in the world, and Qin Shihuang's achievements are extremely great. The feudal system that continued in 2000 was basically the gradual evolution of the Qin system, which laid a political and psychological foundation for the unification, so it was a dynasty worthy of attention.

Qin was originally a small country in the west, and several generations fought against Emperor Rong one after another and gradually became stronger. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, a piece of land named Qin (Qingshui County, Gansu Province) was granted to Ma people, which was between Rong and Di. Xuan Wang appointed Qin Zhong, Feizi's great grandson, as a doctor. Qin Zhong died after attacking Xirong, and all the later generations vigorously attacked Xirong, making the country rich and strong. Qin's help saved you Wang and escorted Wang Ping to Luoyi. So Wang Ping made Xiang Gong a vassal and gradually became the hometown of the Western Zhou Dynasty and a western power. Although Qin adopted Rong Di's law and culture and became a big western country, it was despised by China governors in the east and was not allowed to join the alliance. Qin Jun is basically an accomplished monarch. Qin Wengong established historians and made laws. De Gong Jianyong, Qin Mugong was a visionary monarch. He recruited all the wise men in the world, used his adviser Priscilla, defeated the State of Jin, and extended his territory to the Yellow River. Destroyed Zhu Rong, opened thousands of miles, and became the overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang as prime minister and presided over two political reforms. He rewarded the meritorious military service and prohibited private fighting; Encourage individuals and small families to produce and develop feudal economy; The county system is generally implemented; Unified measurement, etc. The reform strengthened the military strength of Qin, promoted the social transformation of Qin, and accelerated the pace of Qin from a feudal country dominated by vassal regimes to a unified feudal country. After the painstaking efforts of King Hui and King Wu, by the time he arrived in Zhao Haoqi, the strength of Qin had greatly surpassed that of the six eastern countries, laying a solid foundation for Ying Zheng to unify China. Qin Shihuang continued to pursue the established strategy of "making friends far away and attacking near", and bribed the ministers of the six Kanto countries with huge sums of money to alienate the monarch and his subjects. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year 10, the six countries of Korea, Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Qi were destroyed successively, ending the separatist melee that lasted for hundreds of years since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and establishing the first unified and centralized multi-ethnic country in the history of China.

After Ying Zheng annexed the six countries by force, for the sake of unification, it re-established a set of centralization with the emperor as the core, referring to the political system of Qin. Ying Zheng thought that the world had been unified, but the titles of "emperor" and "king" in the past were not unified, so he ordered his liegeman to renegotiate and agree on his title. Some ministers said that there were legends of "Emperor, Yellow Emperor and Tai Huang" in ancient times, among which "Tai Huang" was highly respected, so he advocated calling him "Tai Huang". After listening to the minister's opinion, Ying Zheng decided to get rid of "Tai" and keep "Di". Together with the ancient "Emperor", they were called "Emperor" to show that they surpassed Huang San and the Five Emperors. Ying Zheng claimed to be "the first emperor", and later called him II, III, and even the whole world, hoping to win the country for generations. In order to maintain the dignity of the emperor, Qin Shihuang also established some appellation systems consistent with the title of the emperor. For example, the emperor claimed to use "I"

Represents supreme; The emperor's decree on the system is called "system", and the decree telling his subjects is called "imperial edict"; The emperor's seal is made of jade and is called "Jade Seal". Only the emperor's seal can be called "Seal". The emperor's wife is called "Empress", his father is called "Tai Shang Huang" and his mother is called "Empress Dowager". This appellation system has been used for more than 1000 years.

Qin Shihuang monopolized the power and did everything himself. The emperor has the final say in all major and minor political matters. Hearing cases during the day and reading official documents at night. Qin Shihuang stipulated that one stone of official documents must be approved every day to rest. At that time, there was no paper, and the official documents were written on bamboo slips, so the number of official documents was measured by the weight unit of "stone". At that time, a stone was 120 Jin, which is equivalent to 60 Jin now. So Qin Shihuang was really a diligent and successful emperor.

In the central government, Qin Shihuang established a relatively complete bureaucratic system. Under the emperor are three princes: the Prime Minister, Qiu and the Imperial Advisor. The prime minister is the head of a hundred officials and the chief executive. His duty is to assist the emperor in handling government affairs and to be responsible for the management of civil and military officials. Qiu is the highest military and political officer in charge of the military. But there is no military power at ordinary times, and I listen to the emperor's orders in wartime. So the military power is actually in the hands of the emperor. The censor is the deputy prime minister and is responsible for supervising officials. There are nine ministers in the Three Mansions: Fengchang, Langzhongling, Weiwei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dianke, Zong Zheng, Su Zhi Civil History, Shaofu, each with a clear division of responsibilities and in charge of different government affairs. At the local level, Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and implemented the county system, which was a historic change in the local political system. When discussing the local system, most ministers, including the prime minister, advocated the enfeoffment system, but Tingwei Lisi advocated the county system. Li Si said that the Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, and the princes' sons were kings everywhere. At first, they were able to unite and support Zhou Wang. However, after several generations, the blood relationship between princes and emperors gradually alienated, and with the development of vassal States, they no longer obeyed the command of Zhou Wang, which led to the disintegration of Zhou Dynasty. If the county system is implemented and the emperor personally appoints and dismisses local governors, the political power will always be in the hands of the central emperor, and the world will be stable for a long time. Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's suggestion, and set up 36 counties in the whole country, with counties under his jurisdiction. The sheriff is the sheriff, and the sheriff is the county magistrate or county magistrate. Township, Pavilion, Li, Shi and Wu are in turn below the county level, which is a paramilitary management system.

In order to consolidate the unified pattern and centralization, Qin Shihuang adopted a series of administrative reforms. First, implement the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, foster feudal landlords and reward private ownership. In 2 16 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered that landlords and yeomen could own land as long as they declared the amount of land they occupied to * * and paid taxes. Second, unified measurement unified the national system of weights and measures based on the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang. Third, unify the currency, with Qin's "half-Liang" money as the currency in circulation; Fourth, unify the means of transportation, implement "cars on the same track" and "driving on the same road", and determine the standard width of cars and tracks; Fifth, unify the characters, based on the popular seal scripts in various countries at that time, and sort them out slightly, and spread them around the world as standard characters; Sixth, to build the Great Wall, Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall built by the six countries to be demolished, and then the Great Wall to resist the Huns in the north was unified. Qin Changcheng starts from Lintao in Gansu in the west, reaches Liaodong in the east, and reaches Wan Li in the east and west. Seventh, confiscate the weapons of the world and melt them into 12 giant bronze men to prevent the world from making trouble; Eighth, with Xianyang as the center, * * * built three roads, journey to the south leads to Inner Mongolia, all the way to Hebei and Shandong, and all the way to Nantong, Hubei and Jiangsu; Ninth, move the nobles and rich people of the six countries to Xianyang to help control them. These measures promoted the formation of national * * * and cultural * * and psychological state, and played a great role in the unification and development of China's politics, economy and culture, so he became a great representative of this era. However, he did many bad things to kill people, and his successor, Qin Ershi, was extremely chaotic and violent, which made A Qin's dynasty short.

Qin dynasty