1. Ancient inhabitants of the motherland 1. Yuanmou Man's time: about1700,000 years ago, it is the earliest known human being in China. Location: Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province. (Yangtze River Basin) II. Time of Beijingers: About 700,000 to 200,000 years ago. Venue: Longgushan Cave, Zhoukoudian, Southwest Beijing. (Yellow River Basin) Second, primitive farming life 1, Hemudu people time: about 6000 years ago. Location: Hemudu Village, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province, the main agricultural tools and crops: grindstone tools and bone tools are widely used. Rice and vegetables. China is the first country to grow rice in the world. ) 2. Banpo people time: about five or six thousand years ago. Location: Main farm tools and crops in banpo village, Xi 'an, Shaanxi: Grinding stone tools are widely used. Grow millet. China is the first country to grow millet in the world. Third, the magical ancient legend 1, the formation of the Chinese nation Yan Di formed an alliance with the Huangdi tribe, which later developed into the Chinese nation and became the predecessor of the Han nationality. 2. Yan Di: No, Shennong, who teaches people to farm, is the founder of agricultural production. "Taste a hundred herbs" to find herbs for people to treat diseases. 3. The Yellow Emperor-the ancestor of mankind (later generations think that the Yellow Emperor is the founder of Chinese civilization. Many inventions: making weapons, making cars, boats and palaces, teaching people to dig wells and dyeing five-color clothes. 4. Yao Shunyu: According to legend, after the Yellow Emperor, Yao Shunyu was an outstanding tribal alliance leader in the Yellow River valley of China. At that time, the abdication system was adopted, and the leader of the tribal alliance was democratically elected. (The basis of abdication: virtue and talent) Yao: frugal, simple and loving the people. Shun: Diligent and filial to parents. Yu: Water control is meritorious. Test site 2: List of knowledge about the emergence of the country and social changes-what to test clearly 1. Xia dynasty 1. Establishment: In 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty. 2. Political system: From the beginning, the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system. (Gong Tian Xia changed to Jia Tian Xia) Second, Shang Dynasty 1, established: about BC 1600, the Shang Dynasty was established in the Tang Dynasty. 2. Politics: Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin and ruled stably. 3. Extinction: About 1046 BC, Zhou Wuwang conquered Zhou, and the Shang Dynasty perished. Third, the Western Zhou Dynasty 1, established: BC 1046, the battle of Makino defeated the Shang army. After the demise of Shang Dynasty, Zhou Wuwang established the Zhou Dynasty, with Haojiang as its capital. 2. Political and economic system: enfeoffment system and state-owned land system. 3. Death: 77 BC1year, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. Fourth, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (1) contended for hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King He Lv of Wu and King Gou Jian of Yue were the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. Qi Huangong: The first hegemony: Guan Zhong's reform, "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries", Kwai Chung Alliance. Jin Wengong: "Away from three houses". Chu Zhuangwang: Win the Central Plains. Gou Jian, King of Yue: Sleeping on the salary and tasting courage. (2) Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han. (Situation map) (Eastern Qi, Western Qin, Southern Chu, Northern Yan, Zhao Wei and Han are in the middle. (3) Shang Yang Reform: In 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang Reform. 1. Purpose: Qiang Bing, a rich country. 2. Content: Recognize private ownership of land and allow free trading; Reward farming; Implement the county system. 3. Influence: The old system was abolished, agricultural production was promoted, the combat effectiveness of the army was improved, and Qin became the most prosperous vassal state at the end of the Warring States period, which laid a solid foundation for the subsequent annexation of six countries and the reunification of China. 4. Enlightenment: the reform is not smooth sailing, and sometimes it even costs blood; The reform that conforms to the historical trend will eventually win. At the same time, we should learn from Shang Yang's courage and dedication to reform and innovation. Test site 3: List of knowledge about establishing a unified country-what to test clearly 1. The rule of Qin and the peasant war at the end of Qin Dynasty (1) The rule of Qin was 1, and the unification time was: Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, was unified in 22 BC1. (Qin Shihuang map) 2. Qin Shihuang's measures to strengthen centralization: establishing centralization; Unified text currency weights and measures; Burn books to bury Confucianism and control thoughts. 3. The territory of the Qin Dynasty: East to the East China Sea, west to Longxi, south to the South China Sea and north to the Great Wall. (textual research) 4. Significance of reunification: It ended the long-term separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and created the first unification situation in the history of China. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China. (2) Chen Guang Uprising 1, Location: osawa Township (Anhui) 2. Significance: This is the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China. Driven by this uprising, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu overthrew the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty. Uprising has revolutionary initiative. Second, the rule of the Han Dynasty 1, Western Han Dynasty time: 202 years ago, Liu Bang was founded and the capital was Chang 'an. Early Han dynasty: county system, enfeoffment system, rest and recuperation policy. Prosperity of the Western Han Dynasty: A unified situation appeared during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. 2. Eastern Han Dynasty: Time: 25-220 years. Founder: Liu Xiu. Capital: Luoyang. Third, Qin Shihuang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (1) Qin Shihuang-the first emperor of ancient feudal society in China. Achievement: 1. Realizing reunification and destroying the six countries ended the long-term separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and established the first centralized feudal country in the history of China. 2. Consolidate unity and establish a set of centralized feudal autocracy, which has far-reaching influence. 3. Unifying writing, currency, weights and measures and tracks is conducive to economic and cultural exchanges and development. 4. Attack Xiongnu in the north and build the Great Wall of Wan Li; Develop southern Xinjiang. The rule was cruel: heavy taxes, harsh criminal laws and numerous military services accelerated the demise of the Qin Dynasty. Burning books and burying Confucianism: destroying culture and suppressing thoughts. (2) The unified background of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: economic prosperity and strong national strength. Measures: 1. Politics: Promulgate the decree of promotion and seize the titles of a large number of princes. Solve the problem of the kingdom and strengthen centralization. 2. Economy: the local right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron will be centralized, and five baht will be minted in a unified way. 3. Thought: Accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", set up imperial academy, vigorously promote Confucian education, and appoint Confucian scholars as officials. Achieve ideological unity. 4. Military aspect: Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack Xiongnu on a large scale many times, which basically relieved the threat of Xiongnu to the northern border counties. Results: There was a unified situation. Four. Silk road 1. Zhang Qian connects the western regions: the Han Dynasty refers to Yumenguan, the west of Yangguan, the east of Congling, the south of Balkhash Lake and the north and south of Tianshan Mountain. Objective: In order to jointly attack Xiongnu with Da Yue, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions twice in BC 138 and BC 165438. Influence: I learned about the situation of the Western Regions for the first time, and my desire to communicate with the Han Dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty established friendly relations with western countries for the second time, strengthened economic and cultural exchanges, promoted the development of the western regions, and created conditions for the opening of the Silk Road. 2. Opening time of the Silk Road: Western Han Dynasty and Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Route: Starting from Chang 'an, passing through Hexi Corridor, now Xinjiang, reaching Central Asia, South Asia and West Asia, and then turning to Daqin. Significance: It has promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.