There are many ruins of the Great Wall in Shanxi. It starts from the east bank of the Yellow River in the northwest of Xing County and extends to Hebei along Guancen Mountain and Hengshan Mountain. The winding ancient Great Wall and towering beacon towers are still full of historical vicissitudes and years of erosion, standing on this vast land, telling the world that it has passed away in the past.
Shanxi has the contemporary Great Wall, with a total length of more than 3,500 kilometers, which is one of the provinces with more Great Wall distribution. The Great Wall of Shanxi carries too much historical information and social and humanistic information in Shanxi. The earliest Great Wall in Shanxi can be traced back to 369 BC after the three ethnic groups divided into Jin. The complete city walls and relics are more than 65,438+0,500 kilometers. Shanxi Great Wall ruins can be divided into Warring States Great Wall, Eastern Wei Great Wall, Northern Qi Great Wall, Northern Zhou Great Wall, Sui City, Song Great Wall, Ming Great Wall and Qing Great Wall according to dynasties, but the Ming Great Wall is the largest, and it was built around 154. As a barrier to defend Kyoto at that time, the Ming Great Wall was outside the Great Wall and inside the Great Wall, and the outside Great Wall was about 450 kilometers. It extends from Huai 'an County, Hebei Province to Tianzhen County in the north of Shanxi Province, and then to the west and southwest, passing through Yanggao, Xinrong District of Datong City, Zuoyun, Youyu, Pinglu and Pianguan, reaching the east bank of the Yellow River. The Inner Great Wall is about 400 kilometers long, extending from Laiyuan County, Hebei Province to Lingqiu County, west to northwest, passing through Fan Shi, Hunyuan, Yingxian County, Yin Shan, Daixian County, Yuanping, Ningwu, Shenchi and Shuocheng District of Shuozhou, and finally joining the Outer Great Wall at Baiyangling (formerly known as Yajiaoshan). In addition, there is the Great Wall built along the Yellow River from Pianguan Laoniuwan to Shitizi in Hequ County, and along Taihang Mountain from Niubangkou in Lingqiu County via Wutai, Yuxian, Pingding, Xiyang, Heshun and Zuo Quan to Yangcheng Yangguan in Licheng. Shanxi is a battleground for military strategists in history. Some Great Wall passes, such as Pianguan Pass, Ning Wuguan Pass and Yanmenguan Pass, are all in Shaanxi, while Pingxing Pass and Niangziguan Pass are more famous.
As the relics of war, the Great Wall and the Pass have become unique cultural heritages in this vast land of Shanxi and precious war cultural objects in the history of the development of the Chinese nation.
Pianguan Great Wall
Pianguan is the county with the longest mileage of the Great Wall in Shanxi Province, that is, the first in Shanxi and the second in the country (after Chicheng County in Hebei Province), which is under the jurisdiction of Xinzhou City in Shanxi Province. The Ming Great Wall has five roads, including two sides, three sides, four sides, the inner side and the Yellow River side, with a total length of about 450 miles. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, in order to effectively defend against the invasion of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, the Great Wall was built on a large scale with the strength of the whole country, and it was divided into nine defense zones along the Great Wall, in which heavy troops were stationed, called Jiubian or Jiuzhen. Among them, the company commanders of Taiyuan Town spent 65,438+065,438+0429 years in Pianguan from the fourth year of Xuande (AD 65,438+0429) to the twenty-second year of Jiajing (AD 65,438+0543). The existing Ming Great Wall in Pianguan is 90 kilometers long, accounting for about one-ninth of the total length of the province. The Great Wall of Ming Dynasty was divided into the Inner Great Wall and the Outer Great Wall, and many castles were built by foreign ministers, the most important of which were Hualin Castle, Laoniuwan Castle, Shi Jian Castle, Caoduo Castle, Siyan Castle, Shuiquan Castle, Wu Yanjing Castle and Baiyangling Castle. The Inner Great Wall is more than 60 miles in Pianguan territory, all made of purple mud, which is called "Zisai". On the Inner Great Wall, there are three internal and external passes, and Piantouguan, Yanmenguan and Ning Wuguan belong to the external passes.
It is an important bridgehead of Shanxi section of Wan Li Great Wall in Ming Dynasty. At the same time, Pianguan is also the only county in Shanxi Province where the Great Wall meets at home and abroad. The outer Great Wall extends eastward from Pinglu District of Shuozhou City to Pianguan, and meets the inner Great Wall at Haoshanbao in Baiyangling Mountain and Pianguan in Shenchi in the north, forming a "cliff"-shaped intersection, so the intersection of Baiyangling Mountain is vividly called "Cliff Corner Mountain". Yajiao Mountain is not only the junction of Taiyuan Town and Datong Town, but also the end point of the Inner Great Wall, which starts from Badaling in Beijing and passes through Beijing, Hebei and Shanxi provinces.
There are five Great Walls in Pianguan, along which there are 29 castles and more than 300 towers. It can be said that there are many towers, far away from each other, and the camps are scattered, forming a solid defense system of main and auxiliary response, deep response and step care, which constitutes an impregnable artificial barrier in northern Shanxi in the middle of Ming Dynasty. Among them, trilateral and quadrilateral gradually lost their defense function after the "Qin Long Peace Talks" (A.D.1winter of 570) and were destroyed in the late Ming Dynasty. In addition, Pianguan also has the Great Wall of the Northern Wei Dynasty, whose two sides basically overlap, and the Great Wall of the Northern Qi Dynasty, whose inner sides basically overlap. These two Great Walls are just ruins now.
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Laoniuwan Fort is located in Wanjiazhai Town, Pianguan County, Shanxi Province. It has the reputation of the Yellow River entering the first village in Shanxi, the first pier of the Great Wall in the world, and the three counties where a rooster is heard. The water of the Yellow River flows out of the Hetao, flows through the deep mountain canyon at this corner, and the ancient Great Wall meanders eastward. Laoniuwan is surrounded by water on three sides and a mountain on one side, showing the shape of a bull's head. All kinds of stone buildings are built according to the terrain. Stone kiln and stone house live next to each other, and the stone wall and stone courtyard follow the shape. Stone mills, stone pestles and mortar can be seen everywhere; Stone man, stone horse, stone warehouse and stone cabinet are within reach. This ancient village made of stone is waiting for the world with its most primitive and quiet side.
After the Yellow River passes, the Great Wall comes to Laoniuwan Village, and the rushing river has magnificent scenery. It is also the place where the Great Wall shakes hands with the Yellow River. It is one of the top ten most beautiful canyons in China, and it is a perfect fusion of human history and natural relics. "The Yellow River twists and turns, god cow talk side. When the light came on, I turned around and plowed an old cow bay. " This is a catchy limerick written by local people.
The Great Wall is a great miracle in human military history. It twists and turns like a dragon in the vast mountains and rivers in northern China. 1987 was included in the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO. The Yellow River is the birthplace of Chinese culture and is known as the cradle and mother river of the Chinese nation. After thousands of years of vicissitudes, the Yellow River and the Great Wall have borne the honor and disgrace, ups and downs, suffering and pride of the Chinese nation, and placed many ideals and hopes. The Yellow River and the Great Wall, the intersection of two ancient civilizations-Laoniuwan Fort, have many mysteries and miracles waiting for people to explore and reveal.