In 65438+1920s, it was renamed Guqin to distinguish it from piano. At the beginning, it was 5 strings, and it was customized to 7 strings in the Han Dynasty. There are 13 emblems that mark the rhythm. They are also ritual vessels and musical instruments.
Pre-Qin era
The origin of Qin is not verified, but all clan leaders at the beginning of ancient civilization in China were related to the legend of Qin's founding, such as Fuxi controlling Qin.
Legends such as Shennong, Tang Yao, Huangdi and Yu Shun, but without archaeological support, should be said to be incidental. There are Qin characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but they may have developed from the Middle East harp like water chestnut, and the earliest unearthed water chestnut sample was in Qiemo County, Xinjiang, about 400 BC to 200 BC. The earliest written records of Qin dynasty can be found in the Book of Songs, and the oldest one similar to Qin dynasty is the ten-stringed piano in the tomb of Zeng Houyi. The length of the piano is similar to that of the modern piano, while the length of the ten-string piano is half that of the modern piano. The body is thick, the surface is uneven and there is no emblem. In the mid-Warring States period and the Western Han Dynasty, lyres shorter than modern ones were unearthed. The ten-stringed piano unearthed in Ceng Houyi has a curved face, a slightly raised head, a concave waist, an upturned tail and a foot under the piano, which is very similar to a single foot and is a symbol of ritual vessels.
Zhong Yi in the Western Zhou Dynasty was the earliest professional violinist in existing records. [1] According to historical records, during the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many famous people in the courts of vassal states, and most of them took "Shi" as their surnames, such as,, and Shi Juan. History shows that they all have superb piano skills. In the pre-Qin period, it was called "string songs" to accompany and sing with the piano. There are also a lot of records about Qin in the Book of Songs and other literary works, which shows that Qin had rich expressive force at that time. During the Warring States Period, with the continuous progress of music, Qin Le has also been greatly developed and popularized, resulting in a large number of Qin musicians, such as Harmony's "Friends through the Ages" and other classics. As the main musical instrument, Qin has been endowed with the function of nourishing the heart and nature by scholars. The so-called "a gentleman is close to the piano, and this instrument festival is also to protect his heart" and "a scholar does not withdraw the piano for no reason." Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, worships Qin very much. He can play the piano and sing 300 books of songs. He also learned from Qin and became an example for later scholars. Later generations attached two piano pieces, Confucius read the Book of Changes and cried for Yan Hui. , Zhou, Confucius, etc. are also famous musicians.
Western Han Dynasty and Eastern Han Dynasty
Guqin (7 pieces)
The type of Qin dynasty was determined in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The lyre unearthed from Mawangdui No.3 Han Tomb has simple structure, small horn, low resonance sound, solid wood at the end and no emblem on the panel. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Qin was very popular among literati. Cai Yong's "Cao Qin" is the richest and most detailed book focusing on pre-Qin music. The original book has been lost, and it has been compiled by later generations. There are also five Qin Ge, which are collectively called "Cai Wunong". It is said that he once made a famous piano made of wood from the residual coke of the stove. Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia is said to have been written by Cai Yan, the daughter of Cai Yong, but in fact, Hu Da Jia and Little Hu Jia were both written by people in the Tang Dynasty. In addition, there are Liu Xiang's On Qin Yuan Lu and Yang Xiong's Qin Qingying. Qin Qu Guangling San was also widely circulated at this time. During this period, Sima Xiangru and Tan Heng were also famous piano players. The earliest known finger spectrum of Cheng Wenqin can be traced back to the Han Dynasty.
Jin Wei
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, wars and disputes led to a large number of scholars of Qin Dynasty who were not attached to the imperial court, such as "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an" and "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". The style of Qin people is popular. They not only play, but also create a large number of Qin people. Ji Kang's four songs, namely, Changqing, Short Qing, Long Side and Short Side, are collectively called Ji's Four Pavilions. The existing music score of the same name is contained in the Ming Dynasty music score, which is not necessarily the original. He also wrote Fu Qin and On Sound without Sorrow. Ruan Yu, Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Ruan Xian and Ruan Zhan are also famous performers.
Southern and Northern Dynasties
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, both monarchs and literati loved music and literature, and literati loved to play the piano and explain the sound, which was very popular. Due to the restriction of the aristocratic gate system on literati, many literati are cynical and entertain themselves with piano books. During this period, the earliest word spectrum appeared, and Qiu Ming, a hermit in the Southern Dynasty, had the word spectrum "Stone Tunes the Orchid". During this period, other famous musicians were Dai Qing, Zong Bing and Liu Yun.
Sui and Tang Dynasties
Yan music was popular in Sui and Tang Dynasties, but the piano style was a little lower. Dong is good at playing songs such as Hu Jia, and his works are as follows. During this period, the newly created Qin music includes Yin, Zhao Junfen, Li Sao, Yangguan Triple Harmony and so on. The Qin Dynasty also developed greatly in the Tang Dynasty. For example, Sichuan Leijia's "Nine Flutes" is a famous piano handed down from ancient times, which has been regarded as a rare treasure in all dynasties. Subtraction notation gradually matured in the Tang Dynasty and became the main notation for recording piano music. Qin also spread to Korea and Japan in the early Tang Dynasty. During this period, other famous Qin musicians were Li Bai, Bai Juyi, Han Yu, Zhao Yili, Xue, Chen Kangshi and Chen Zhuo.
Qin Tang, especially the Guzheng in the Tang Dynasty, is plump and round in appearance. In most existing Qin Tang, two pieces of paulownia wood are often stuck on Longchi and plump panels, which are used as counterfeit banknotes. Until the early Ming dynasty, there were still piano makers using this method. Qin Tang's broken sentences are mostly snake belly broken, as well as ice broken and running water broken. There are two kinds of paints on the piano surface: ink and chestnut shell. Those with cinnabar paint were all added when people repaired them. The grey tire is pure antler ash, and both sides of the back of the piano are wrapped with linen from bottom to top until the edge of the panel to prevent the upper and lower plates from opening glue. The sides of these pianos are all between 120 and 125 cm.
Song and Yuan Dynasties
Due to the policy of suppressing martial arts in the Song Dynasty, from Song Taizong to the emperor to the ruling and opposition parties in the Song Dynasty, all of them were very good at playing the piano, and they were proud of their ability to play the piano, reaching the peak of good piano in previous dynasties. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Qin began to show obvious genre inheritance. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, 1 Guqin School Zhejiang School appeared, represented by Guo Mian. The piano music "Ancient Complaints" written by Jiang Kui in the Southern Song Dynasty is the earliest piano music in existence. The famous musicians in this period are Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Yi Hai, Ze Quan, Ye Luchu, Cai, Yi Hai. During the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Qin was widely spread among the Khitan, Nuzhen and Mongolian noble literati.
Guqinbian in Song Dynasty, with a total length of1.28cm and a shoulder width of 25cm. Its flat body grew up, and its size was bigger than that of Qin Tang handed down from ancient times. It is one of the main styles of Qin in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, besides the antique works, the shape gradually became flat and narrow, especially the Zhong Ni-style guqin, which was the main style of making the piano in the Southern Song Dynasty. The main material for making the piano in Song Dynasty is the bottom of tung-faced catalpa or pine-faced bottom. Broken lines include snake belly, ice lines, running water and little cow hair. The gray tires are mainly antler ash, and some people use flax as the base, but rarely. Eight-treasure ash was also used in the late Northern Song Dynasty (that is, gold, silver, pearls and emerald corals were crushed and mixed with antler ash for common use). The Song Dynasty is an important stage in the history of piano-making after the Tang Dynasty. The government even set up a special bureau to make piano, which is called "official piano".
Qin-making in Yuan Dynasty was the product of the transition period of Song and Ming Dynasties. Because of the short duration, there are few existing objects.
Ming and Qing dynasties
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many schools and a large number of piano scores were printed. The first existing subtraction score, Magic Secret Score, has preserved many ancient songs. In the late Qing Dynasty, the piano art declined relatively. During this period, other famous musicians were Wang Zhi, Jiang Keqian, Yang Lun, Yan Cheng, Xu Changyu and Gan Long. [2]
In the Ming Dynasty, the number of pianos was unprecedented. Whether it is the prince of the emperor or the family of officials, there are many people who are good at piano. There are four famous piano makers in the imperial clan: Wang Ning, Hengwang, wangyi and Lu Wang. Among the four kings, Qin was the most famous, which began in Chongzhen. It is reported that there are as many as four or five hundred pieces with the same style and size, all of which are numbered in chronological order and engraved on the abdomen; The name "Zhonghe" is engraved on the back of the piano, and Jing Yi's poem "The Water of the Yangtze River" and the seal of "Lu Chuan" are all painted with eight treasures.
Modern Times
From the late Qing Dynasty to1950s, there were about 100 people who could play the piano in China. Today's Qin Yu Society was founded in the Soviet Union and Shanghai in the1920s, and the piano publication Qin Yu Today was the only major event at that time. From11950s to11960s, Cha Fuxi led an investigation team to conduct a general survey in areas where Qin people gathered in China, visited many Qin people, collected written and recorded materials, and compiled and published books such as Collection of Guqin Music and Integration of Qin Le, which laid the foundation for the revival of Guqin art. Tang Jianyuan compiled a book Fu Qin. Guqin has been gradually incorporated into the music professional education system, and Guan Pinghu, Cha Fuxi, Gu, Zhang Ziqian and Wei Zhongle have successively studied and taught piano art in Beijing and Shanghai. In addition to restoring ancient music, musicians also try to create new music.
During the Republic of China, Qin spread to Southeast Asia, Europe, America, Australia and other places with the literati going abroad, especially after the reform and opening up, a large number of Chinese were overseas. So far, there are piano musicians and piano clubs in Malaysia, Singapore, the United States, Canada, Germany, Britain, the Netherlands and Sweden.
Due to the decline of guqin and its symbolic cultural thought, guqin art was included in the second batch of world intangible cultural heritage representative list by UNESCO on June 7, 2003. On May 20th, 2006, the State Council, People's Republic of China (PRC) listed the guqin in the 1 batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, numbered II-34, and classified it as "folk music".
Qin Shu in past dynasties.
There are 150 kinds of ancient books with music scores. Important music books of past dynasties are as follows:
The only extant writing spectrum: the early Tang dynasty manuscript "Jieshi Carving the Orchid" (existing in Tokyo National Museum, Japan).
The earliest subtraction notation: the ancient grievances in Jiang Kui's Song of the Taoist of Baishi.
The most important piano books in Han Dynasty: Qin Qingying by Yang Xiong and Qin Jing by Zhuge Liang.
The earliest extant collection of large-scale guqin music: The Magic Secret Music edited by Zhu Quan in the early Ming Dynasty (1425).
Important music scores in Ming Dynasty: Magic Secret Music, Complete Works of Taiyin, Piano Series of Xilutang, Legacy of Taikoo, Xuan Xuan Pin, Complete Works of Qin Shu, and Songxian Pavilion Music.
Important music scores in Qing Dynasty: Dahuangge Music Score, Songfengge Music Score, Deyintang Music Score, Chengyitang Music Score, Wuzhizhai Music Score, Chuncaotang Music Score, Ziyuantang Music Score, Introduction to Qin Xue, Jiaoan Music Score, Tianwen Music Score, and
The Republic of China and Modern Times: Meian Qinpu, Jinqi Qin Yu Magazine, Qinqu Integration, Guqin Music Collection, Guqin Music Collection.
Guqin playing music refers to the process of playing music according to the score. Because the music score does not directly record the music, it only remembers the string position and fingering, and its rhythm has a large room for expansion and contraction. Therefore, composers must be familiar with the general rules and playing techniques of piano music, try to figure out the situation of the music, re-create it, and strive to reproduce the original appearance of the original music.
Playing music is very time-consuming, so the piano industry uses "three years of big songs and March of small songs" to describe this process.
In the past, after playing music, pianists would mark scales and punctuations on the music. The combination of contemporary notation with western staff or notation is faster and easier to popularize than Miyachi notation.
Top ten famous songs
1. Guangling Powder
2. High mountains and flowing water (divided into "high mountains" and "flowing water" after the Tang Dynasty)
3. Wild geese fall in Pingsha
4. alcoholic
5. Guan Shanyue
6. Xiaoxiang Water Cloud
7. Triassic in Yangguan
8. Meihuasan Lane
9. Hu Jia's eighteen beats
10. Youlan
1 1. Remembering old friends
Other famous songs
Puan curse
Nagato complained.
spring
white snow
Evergreen
Lisao
Dragon vanilla
Autumn wind in Wu Ye
Mozi's sad silk
Confucius read the Book of Changes.
Qiu Ge
Pheasants fly
Lonely house meets God.
Ask any girl
Night parking in Qiu Jiang
Pat clothes (when washing clothes)
Indifferent and secluded, not alive.
Black night cry
Ren Shen Chang
Mingpai
(A) Zhejiang School
Name of School: Zhejiang School, Zhejiang Spectrum, Zhejiang Cao Formation Period: Late Southern Song Dynasty.
Founder: Guo Mian (Wang Chu) Main style: smooth and peaceful.
Representative figures: Chuwang Guo, Mao Minzhong, Xu, Xu Qiushan, Xu, Xu Zhonghe, etc.
Representative Qin music: Xiaoxiang Shuiyun, Fisherman's Song, Woodman's Song, Hu Jia's Eighteen Beats, etc.
Important piano works: (Chuwang Guo), (Tong Yuan), Xia Waiqin (Gold), Qin (Xu), Xue Meiwo Jianrun Qin (Xu Zhonghe), Wugang Qin (Yellow String), Xingzhuang Taiyin sequel.
(2) Yushan School
School name: Yushan School and Cooked School.
Formation period: late Ming Dynasty
Founder: Yan Zheng (Tianchi)
Main style: subtle and distant, moderate and broad.
Representatives: Yan Tianchi, Xu Shangying, Wu Jinglue, etc.
Representative Qin music: Sleeping in Qiu Jiang Night, Prelude to a Beautiful Night, Xiaoxiang Water Cloud and other important Qin music: Song Xian Ge Pu (Yan Tianchi), Rhubarb Ge Pu (Xu Shangying) and so on.
(3) Guangling School
School name: Guangling School
Formation period: Qing Dynasty
Founder: Xu Changyu, etc
Main style: upright, ups and downs, free and long.
Representative figures: Xu Changyu,,, Wu Xuan, Qin, Shi Kongchen, Sun Shaotao, Zhang Ziqian, Liu, etc.
Representative Qin music: Dragon Vanilla, Menong, Pingsha Wild Goose, Xiaoxiang, Guangling San, etc.
Important piano works: score of Chengjiantang (Xu Changyu), score of Wuzhizhai (Xu Qi), score of Ziyuantang (Wu Xuan), score of Jiao 'an (Qin), score of dead wood Zen (releasing empty dust), etc.
(4) Pucheng School
School Name: Pucheng School
Formation period: Qing Dynasty
Founder: Zhu
Main style: delicate fingering, natural and refined, slow and moderate.
Representative figures: Zhu, Xu Yuqiao, Zhang He, etc.
Representative Qin music: Yuqiao Q&A, Yangguan Sanceng, Shiliuquan, etc.
Important piano works: Music Score of Chuncaotang (Su Qinshan), Music Score of Guzhai (Zhu), Introduction to Qin Xue (Zhang He), etc.
(5) Pan-Sichuan School
School name: Pan-Sichuan School, Sichuan School and Shu School. Formation period: Qing Dynasty.
Founder: Zhang Kongshan's main style: bold and unrestrained, magnificent.
Representative figures: Zhang Kongshan, Gu Yucheng, Gu Juan, Gu, Xia Yifeng, Cha Fuxi, Yu Shaoze, Zhu Mohan, etc.
Representative Qin music: Phoenix Begging for Phoenix, Pheasant Flying, Song of Songs, Angelica, Running Water, Drunk Fishing Song Night, Confucius Reading the Book of Changes, Puan Mantra, etc.
Important piano works: Tian Wenqin's score (Tang Songxian), Bai Pingzhai's score (Gu Juan), etc.
(6) Nine factions
School Name: Nine Schools
Formation period: Founder of Qing Dynasty: Yang Zongji (Baishi)
Main style: vigorous and solid, paying attention to the rhythm of singing.
Representative figures:, Bai, Guan Pinghu, etc.
Representative pieces: Liushui, 18 beats of Hu Jia, Youlan, etc.
Important piano works: Qin Xue Series (Shi Yang Hundred), etc.
7. Zhucheng School
School Name: Zhucheng School
Formation period: Qing Dynasty
Founder: Wang Puchang, Wang Yimen
Main styles: Qingyuan (long), beautiful and lingering (door).
Representatives: Wang Puchang, Wang Yimen, Wang Xinyuan, Wang Yanqing, Wang Xinkui, etc.
Representative Qin music: Nagato Complain, Three Layers of Yangguan, Guan Shanyue, etc.
Important piano works: Music Score of Tong Yin Shan Tang (Wang Puchang), Music Score Revision (Wang Yimen), etc.
(8) Mei On School
School name: Meian School
Formation period: Qing Dynasty
Founder: Wang (Yan Qing), Xu.
Main features: smooth as a song, beautiful and lingering, and a wide range of songs.
Representative figures:, Xu, Shao Dasu, etc.
On behalf of Qin Le: Pingsha geese, Qiu Jiang staying overnight, changing clothes, etc.
Important piano works: hall music score (Mao style), Mei 'an music score (Xu), etc.
(9) Lingnan School
School Name: Lingnan School
Formation period: Qing Dynasty
Founder: Huang Jingxing
Main style: elegant.
Representative figures:, Li Baoguang, Zheng, Yang Xinlun, etc.
Representative Qin music: Blue Sword Liu Quan, Nostalgia, Jade Tree in the Wind, Gull Forgetting Machine, Crying at Night, etc.
Important piano works: Gugang Piano Score, Wu Xueshan Fang Piano Score (Huang Jingxing), etc.
I hope it helps you.