The origin of witchcraft
At the latest, when Neanderthals began to bury the dead about 80 thousand years ago and possessed the consciousness and belief of the soul, human beings had already believed in witchcraft.
French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1858- 19 17) believes that witchcraft originated from human religious consciousness.
German sociologist Max Weber (1864- 1920) believes that it originated from the pre-animist belief in the wordless period.
Claude Levy-Strauss (1908 ~), a French anthropologist, believes that witchcraft is that normal thinking tries its best to understand the universe it faces, but it can't grasp it, resulting in morbid thinking and explanation to enrich the insufficient reality.
KW james george frazer, a British anthropologist (1854- 194 1), thinks that it is just a wrong association of the concept of causality, which can be divided into homeopathic magic and contact magic, collectively known as sympathetic magic.
"Witch" people
Primitive people believe that there is a kind of people who have the ability to deal with terrible things in the dark. There are many names for such people, or wizards, witches, wizards, witch doctors, shamans, priests and magicians.
British anthropologist Bronislaw Kasper Noszky (1884-1942) thinks that the earliest professional occupation of human beings is witchcraft, which is a kind of power to provide things that human beings can't completely control.
Anthropologist Lin believes that those who have the most sensitive and cunning minds in a tribe and claim to know the mysterious Austria will become witches, that is, people who use magic.
Song believes that wizards in prehistoric times were not only the hosts of witchcraft and witchcraft activities, but also the organizers of the preservation, dissemination and arrangement of scientific and cultural knowledge at that time, especially in astronomy, medicine, writing, literature, history, music, dance and painting. Although his scientific and cultural knowledge has great limitations, the wizard was the spiritual leader who explained the world at that time and was a prehistoric wise man or intellectual.
Witches in China Culture
China's "witch" is not only a surname, but also a profession. "Custom" said: "Wu's family, where the family is useless, Wu's father, craftsman, Tao also."
The surname of "witch" comes from the position of "witch", that is, as a medium of communication between God and people.
Wu Yun was explained in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Witches wish, women can do intangible things, and dancers are gods.". ..... Wizards can serve the gods together. They are wizards among men and witches among women. "
"Guoyu. "Songs of the South" contains: "The people are bright and cool, but they can be honest and upright, wisdom is superior to righteousness, holiness can be far and wide, bright and bright, and clever and thorough. If so, there must be wisdom, surprise among men and witchcraft among women. "
Because early wizards mastered knowledge and solved people's difficulties, their status was lofty. According to Chen's classification, the sacrificial objects of the Middle Yin people in Oracle Bone Inscriptions are divided into three categories: gods, people and ghosts. (God includes God, the sun, Mother East, Mother West, Cloud, Wind, Rain and Snow; Only society, quartet, four squares, four things, mountains and rivers; ) There are kings, grandfathers, grandfathers, philosophers, mothers and old ministers. In other words, witchcraft itself belongs to one of the gods who are worshipped and believe in witchcraft.
Zhang believes that witchcraft is the prototype of China intellectuals, the main creator of ancient spiritual culture, and plays an important role in promoting China culture. Astronomy, geography, calendar, arithmetic, military affairs, history, music and dance, medicine, skills and so on are all related to the activities and creation of witches.
Qigong as a modern witchcraft
Opponents of qigong believe that qigong is very similar to witchcraft in methods and thinking, and completely runs counter to mainstream scientific concepts. They think that Qigong may be useful as breathing regulation training and psychological suggestion therapy, but it is typical pseudoscience to claim that supernatural abilities (such as releasing "external qi") can be obtained from it. Opponents of Qigong believe that the so-called "Qigong" is nothing more than a superstitious mass fitness exercise in a state of extreme material shortage. Qigong advocates that "belief is spiritual, but unbelief is ineffective", and actually falls into idealism similar to witchcraft. The appearance of the theory of "external qi" makes Qigong farther and farther away from science.
I don't think it belongs to black and white magic.