(Lesson 1) Intensive Ancient Agriculture:

1, from slash-and-burn to the change of agricultural farming methods in Niu Geng.

(1) Primitive agriculture: slash-and-burn farming (fire farming)

(2) The appearance and extensive use of scarifying tools are the signs that China agriculture has entered the stage of "ploughing" or "hoeing".

(3) During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, bronze farm tools appeared. During the Spring and Autumn Period, small pieces of iron farm tools appeared. Niu Geng is a revolution of China's agricultural power. During the Warring States Period, it was first popular in Niu Geng. Since then, Niu Geng with iron plough has gradually become the main farming method of Chinese traditional agriculture.

2. Characteristics of ancient agricultural economy in China:

(1) Small-scale peasant economy takes the family as the production and living unit, and combines agriculture with cottage industry. Production is mainly to meet their basic living needs and pay taxes. It is a self-sufficient natural economy and intensive small-scale peasant economy, and it is the basic mode of agricultural production in China feudal society.

(2) China's feudal economy was dominated by self-sufficient natural economy.

(3) The solid existence of natural economy is an important reason for the slow development and long-term continuation of feudal society in China.

(Lesson 2) Ancient Handicraft Industry Leading the World

● Understand the main achievements made by ancient China in metallurgy, porcelain making, silk weaving and other handicrafts.

1. Simu Wuding in Shang Dynasty is rare in the world. 2. Du Fu's poems in the Eastern Han Dynasty invented drainage and used water conservancy to make iron. 3. The method of pouring steel was invented in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

4. Porcelain-making in the Tang Dynasty formed two systems: south, blue and north. 5. Jingdezhen in Jiangxi Province developed into the national porcelain making center in Yuan Dynasty in Song Dynasty, and became the national porcelain capital in Ming and Qing Dynasties. 6. On the basis of blue and white porcelain, colored porcelain was fired in Ming Dynasty; Enamel was also invented in the Qing Dynasty. 7. Suzhou and Hangzhou were famous silk weaving centers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the use mechanism of flower beds was complex and precise.

(Lesson 3) The Development of Ancient Commerce

1, understand the formation and development of "city"

(1) Western Han Dynasty: Every city has a "market" dedicated to trade, which is strictly separated from residential areas, and there is a market in Chang 'an. Establish official management (mayor or municipal order) to open and close the market on time.

(2) Sui and Tang Dynasties: Chang 'an has a city and a square, separated by a wall, which is open regularly during the day.

(3) Song Dynasty: The boundary between the city and the square was gradually broken, and shops could be set up everywhere and opened in the morning and evening.

2, understand the major commercial cities and famous business groups:

(4) Western Han Dynasty: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan, Chengdu and other famous commercial centers.

(5) Chang 'an and Luoyang in the Yellow River Basin during the Sui and Tang Dynasties; Yangzhou and Yizhou in the Yangtze River valley have become prosperous commercial cities; Guangzhou is an important foreign trade port, and the government has set up a city ambassador.

(6) Kaifeng and Lin 'an in Song Dynasty; Yizhou issued the world's earliest paper money-Jiaozi.

(7) Dadu and Hangzhou in the Yuan Dynasty. Quanzhou is the largest port in the world.

(8) Ming and Qing Dynasties: Commercial gangs appeared. For example, Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants (the similarities between them are: both started from managing salt industry; Commercial activities are all related to the financial field (Huizhou merchants run pawn shops and Shanxi merchants set up banks); The scope of activities involves foreign countries and has accumulated huge wealth)

The slow development of budding capitalism.

● Understanding the basic meaning of the policies of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" and "closing the sea" has great influence.

(1) The basic economic policy of China feudal society: "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce"

The policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" was advocated by Shang Yang's political reform during the Warring States Period.

The fundamental reason for long-term implementation of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" is to meet the needs of self-sufficient natural economy.

Its purpose is to maintain the natural economy, ensure the collection of taxes and land rent, maintain political stability and consolidate feudal rule.

Positive effects: protecting agricultural production and small-scale peasant economy and promoting agricultural economic development; Consolidate the emerging landlord regime in the early feudal society.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the manifestations of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce were as follows: the business thought of putting agriculture first, the monopoly system, heavy taxes at checkpoints, discrimination against businessmen, and huge government-run handicrafts.

Negative consequences: strengthen the natural economy, hinder the development of industry and commerce, and hinder the development of capitalism.

(2) The "maritime ban" of the Ming Dynasty was to guard against Japanese pirates, but it did not prohibit official foreign trade; The Qing dynasty was due to the anti-Qing struggle of the people in the southeast coast. Both of them are to maintain the feudal ruling order.

(3) The meaning of the "closed door" that the Qing Dynasty has implemented: strictly restricting foreign exchanges.

Only one foreign trade was opened in Qing Dynasty: Guangzhou (foreign trade was managed by the 13th Guangzhou Branch).

The consequences of closed doors: hindering the development of overseas markets, inhibiting the primitive accumulation of capital, and hindering the growth of capitalist seeds; China was isolated from the world, and failed to learn advanced western scientific knowledge and production technology in time to develop productive forces, which made China gradually fall behind the world trend.