Based on the research literature on Zhang Shuo since the 20th century, this paper comprehensively combs the research course of Zhang Shuo in the past century from the aspects of the significance of literary history, the friendship between life and official calendar, thoughts, poems and legends.
[Keywords:] one hundred years; Zhang said; Research; Make a comment
Abstract: Zhang Yue was a famous scholar and politician at the turn of the early Tang Dynasty. Based on the literature materials since the 20th century, this paper summarizes the research on Zhang Yue from the aspects of significance of literary history, life and official career, thoughts, poems, essays and legends.
Keywords: 100 year; Zhang Yue; Research; review
? Kaiyuan Zongchen? Zhang said that he had been in charge of literature for 30 years at the turn of the early Tang Dynasty? [1] is not only an important official in the DPRK, but also a literary leader. However, the study of Zhang Shuo is far from its proper position in the history of literature. It was not until the 1980s that he gradually entered the field of literary research. At present, the only research monograph is Chronicle of Zhang Shuo [2], with about 60 research papers. This paper will comprehensively sort out the history and present situation of this research in the past 100 years, summarize the main achievements and shortcomings, and look forward to the research space that Zhang Shuo can expand.
On the significance and position of literary history
Zhang Shuo's 1,200-year Taboo written by Chen Zizhan is a pioneering work to comment on Zhang Shuo in the 20th century. The article clearly points out that in the Tang and Sui Dynasties, Zhang said that his political status was enough to enhance his position in literature, which was more important than Kaiyuan. So he can master the altar for a while and open the atmosphere for a while. ? [3] Unfortunately, there was no news from then on. In the past twenty-five years, Zhang's position in the history of literature has gradually become prominent, and many scholars have begun to understand Zhang's role in the literary world at the turn of the early Tang Dynasty. In the book On the Basic Features of Poetry Innovation in the Early Tang Dynasty, Ge thinks that he is a transitional figure between the four great poets and poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and outlines the literature in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Strange feeling is new? 、? The magnificence of nature? Style and? Is the common name rich and beautiful, and neutral? The ideal artistic style combined with the theme [4]. Xu Zong's "Humanistic Vision of Tang Poetry Prosperity" puts Zhang Shuo in the cultural history, and thinks that the prosperity of Tang poetry is not only the political and social background and the laws of literary history itself, but also the lofty aesthetic image of Zhang Jiuling and the promotion of many outstanding poets, which is an indispensable part of subjective factors [5]. Deng Xiaojun's Rediscovering the Humanistic Significance of Poetry in the Prosperous Tang Dynasty pointed out that the people in the Prosperous Tang Dynasty, represented by Zhang Shuo, raised Tang poetry to the same level as the Six Arts Classics [6]. These new viewpoints are of great significance to determine Zhang's position in the history of literature.
In short, the understanding of Zhang's position in the whole history of literature is still worth examining and discussing, and the research is relatively weak and the vision is relatively narrow. In order to evaluate the significance and position of Zhang Shuo's literary history, Qiao Xiangzhong's Literature History of Tang Dynasty covers Zhang Shuo's life, literary achievements, poems, legends and editions. what do you think of it ? The pioneer of literature in the prosperous Tang Dynasty? [7] is the most detailed comment on it in the current literary history. Other chapters introduce the literary history of China [8], China [9], Tang Dynasty [10] by Nie Shiqiao, Henan Literature History by Wang Yongkuan and Bai Bensong [1] and so on. And more literary history didn't mention anything about Zhang Shuo. This situation will last for a long time, until the significance of the transformation of Zhang Shuo's prosperous literature in the early Tang Dynasty was officially confirmed by the academic circles. Scholars' discussion on the significance of Zhang Shuo is difficult to arouse the research upsurge for a while, but the evaluation of the status of Zhang Shuo's literary history is gradually showing a warming trend. A thorough understanding of Zhang Shuo's outstanding contributions to the development of Tang literature in terms of literary thoughts, cultural activities and achievements in poetry creation, and an analysis of the reasons why his research was not taken seriously will be a breakthrough in the study of the significance of Zhang Shuo's literary history in the future.
Study on Life, Official Calendar and Friends
The Chronicle of Zhang Shuo was invented through many textual researches on Zhang Shuo's life and official calendar, and it accurately expounded the composer's position in literary history, native place, life, friends and the age of his works. Its style is complete, concise and has high reference value. Fu Xuancong also sorted out Zhang's life, career and literature by collating Tales of Talents in Tang Dynasty [12]. Overseas sinology also researches and evaluates Zhang's life and poems, such as Zhang Biography and Literature by Japanese scholar Ji Chuan [13], Zhang Died in Japan by American scholar kroll [14], and Yu Wensuo 'an (Stephen? Owen) Zhang Shuo and the Transition to the Prosperous Tang Dynasty [15], etc. , more or less involves some details of Zhang Shuo's life and career. Through these efforts, some problems about Zhang Shengping's official history have been basically clarified, such as the attribution of native place, which is relatively clear; However, to understand Zhang's official career, such specious issues as family background and official calendar still need to be clarified. The rule of kaiyuan? And then what? What was the weather in the prosperous Tang Dynasty? The exact contribution of the stratum.
The academic circles also commented on Zhang's political and cultural significance. Zeng Zhi 'an's "On the tortuous process of Zhang Shuo's promotion of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty" discusses that Zhang Shuo learned lessons and experiences in his relegation career, actively catered to Xuanzong's pursuit of temporary political ideas, gradually achieved a breakthrough in the existing bureaucratic structure, and made great contributions to the cultural construction in the prosperous Tang Dynasty [16], which broke through the traditional concept and was quite innovative. Wang Wei proposed it? Debate between bureaucracy and literature? What scholars pay attention to, Xiaoqin Du? Debate between bureaucracy and literature? What is Zhang's influence on early Tang poetry in the early years of Kaiyuan? Literature? Pie, compared with Yao Chong and Song Jing? Official management? The school is actually at a disadvantage, and its influence on literature is to promote the formation of relegated poets with Zhang Shuo as the core; However, it is said that the positive influence on the literary world and the promotion of the development of poetry art after nine years of Kaiyuan will gradually appear after fifteen years of Kaiyuan [17]. As an important figure in political history, Zhang Shuo has attracted a lot of attention (including negative ones, such as his advocacy of Zen? Mount Tai? The origin of appellation and so on. ), there are relatively many related research results, but those related to literature have not received due attention. For example, Zhang's cultural significance in the compilation of national history and large-scale books, his view of literary governance as a scholar, the influence of three military careers on literary creation, and the significance of promoting literature in the prosperous Tang Dynasty after persuasion are all worthy of in-depth study.
In the comparative study of Zhang Shuo's friends and contemporary writers, what did Fang Ding's Zhang Shuo, Zhang Jiuling Group and Kaiyuan poetic style prove? Two? He is the dual leader of political circles and literary circles in Kaiyuan, learning from others' strengths, examining the origin and creative tendency of their poems, and holding that Zhang Er Group represents the primary stage of the development of Tang poetry [18]. Zhang Shuo and Su Xiang are called together? Xu Yan is generous? Their prose is full of rich style and magnificent atmosphere in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which has opened up a new generation of magnificent wind from parallel to divergence and from Ming to Ba. Xu Yan is generous? "About the relationship between Sue and zhang? Make big money? Origin and evolution? Xu Yan? This paper studies the commonness and individuality of prose in detail, and points out their pioneering contributions in the development history of Tang Dynasty literature from parallel prose to parallel prose [19]. However, throughout the research history, there are few studies on Zhang's interaction with other scholars. In fact, Zhang said that he worked with many scholars in the early Tang Dynasty, such as Yang Jiong, Li Jue, Cui Rong, Shen Quanqi, Song, Lu Zangyong, Wang Wan, Li Yong, He, Sun Ti, Meng Haoran, Fang Yi and Gao Lishi. However, the research on Zhang Shuo, a scholar group representing the cultural transformation in the early Tang Dynasty, is almost blank. Few people have discussed Zhang Shuo's position and significance in Zhu Ying bachelor group, Ji Xian bachelor group and Xiang Yue relegated poets group. If we can grasp the literati communication in the early Tang Dynasty from the perspective of Zhang Shuo-centered poet communication and poet group, it will help to fully understand the prevailing fashion and cultural background in the early Tang Dynasty.
Ideological research
What was the religious and cultural policy of the Tang Dynasty? Three religions in parallel? . Zhang's leading thought is Confucianism, and Ge's "Prosperous Tang Dynasty"? Wen ru? "The Formation of Confucianism and the Origin of Retro Trend of Thought" holds that Zhang Shuo was a key figure in reversing the academic atmosphere at the turn of the early Tang Dynasty with the theory of propriety, music and benevolence, and a leading figure in the process of Confucian revival [20]. Zhang's Buddhist and Zen thoughts are also deeply rooted. Zhang Haisha pointed out that Zhang not only had close contacts with monks, but also participated in the translation of scriptures, which was deeply influenced by Kong Zhi's theory. These Zen thoughts prompted Zhang to put forward the view of advocating nature and plain in literary theory, which played an important role in the transformation of his creation from the early Tang Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty [2 1]. Generally speaking, in the Tang Dynasty? Reconciliation between the three religions? Some achievements have been made in the study of Zhang Shuo's Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, but the current research results do not highlight the dominance and bias of his thoughts. The integration of the three religions in Zhang Shuo and its influence on cultural construction, the expression of Taoist thought and its imprint in literary creation have not been paid enough attention, and further investigation is still needed.
In terms of literary thought, as an advocate and practitioner of meteorology in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Zhang said that he attached importance to the social function of literature and emphasized various arts of literary expression. His literary thought is of great significance to the transformation of literary style in the early Tang Dynasty. Yang summed up his literary thoughts completely, and his works? Perfect? An Introduction to Zhang Shuo's Literary Thought holds that Zhang Shuo has the unity of functionality and artistry, and emphasizes? Elegant? 、? Talking about temperament? , plus right? The power of character? 、? Smell? 、? Literary talent? 、? Melody? More specific requirements constitute the ideological system of traditional Confucian poetry teaching in Zhang Shuo [22]. Although some papers have summarized Zhang's literary thoughts, there is still room for further discussion, thus affirming the significance of Zhang Wenxue Thought in the literary history of the early Tang Dynasty. In a more overall grasp and comprehensive investigation, a horizontal comparison of the similarities and differences between outstanding contemporary writers such as Zhang Yu and Su Wei will help to reconstruct Zhang's position in the history of traditional thought and literary theory in China. During the transition period from the early Tang Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, historians, four outstanding figures and Chen Ziang in the early Tang Dynasty have made preparations in theory and creation, but as far as the whole literary world is concerned, they have not yet formed a unified creative fashion and team. In fact, Zhang Shuo undertook this task in order to make the whole society have a highly prosperous literature. Zhang said that he integrated the direction and ideas of poetry development on the basis of the poetry theory of the Four Great Harmony, and then organized a strong creative team, which changed the situation that individuals worked alone to change the style of writing, turned to the prosperity of group creation, and promoted the change of poetry style with common aesthetic fashion, which should be the direction of Zhang said's ideological research in the future.
Poetry research
Wen Yiduo was the first person to study Zhang Shuo in the first half of the 20th century. He put Zhang Shuo's poems between the early Tang Dynasty and the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Zhang Shuo not only inherited the style of the early Tang Dynasty, but also his works were balanced as a whole, giving people a spiritual feeling and representing the new tune of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He thinks he is? The typical founder of the trial post poem? , has a great influence on Tang poetry [23]. However, since then, there has been no inheritance. It is generally believed in academic circles that Zhang Shuo wrote many poems, full of the tone of whitewashing peace and praising virtue. It is often compared with official poems and fu poems in the early Tang Dynasty, and there is no objective evaluation of the artistic value of Zhang Shuo's poems.
Since 1980s, the study of Zhang Shuo's poems has been carried out from multiple dimensions. On the Aesthetic Ideal of Zhang Shuo and Poetry in the Prosperous Tang Dynasty by Xu Zong puts Zhang Shuo's poetic artistic creation in the historical background of Tang poetry, and holds that his poetic creation practice is based on the theme of the times, and his diversified performance is characterized by the integration of various artistic paradigms and types of the times, and mentions that his construction of poetic realm is a display and promotion of new artistic ideals and realms [24]; From the perspective of cultural interpretation, it is pointed out that Zhang has actively and effectively explored the theme, form, context and intensity of poetry, and made comprehensive preparations for creating the poetic style in the prosperous Tang Dynasty [25]. There are also some papers that study Zhang Shuo's poems from the aspects of style, realm, meteorology, verve and genre. Zhang Shuo's poetry embodies the tendency of merging the poetic style of Wei, Jin, Qi and Liang Dynasties, which is one of the signs that the early Tang Dynasty entered a new starting point in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. It is very gratifying that his poetry creation is diversified in theme deepening, conception, stylistic type and expression style. At the same time, there are few scholars involved in the development of Zhang Shuo's poetry, the diversity of poetic styles, the origin and influence of poetics, the expression of the theme of the times and the evaluation of the value of poetry, which is worth further combing and digging.
As far as the subject matter is concerned, academic circles pay more attention to the landscape poems with the highest artistic achievements among Zhang Shuo's poems. For example, Ge's Two Changes in the Evolution of Landscape Poetry in the Early Tang Dynasty: Also on the Role of Zhang Jiuling in the Development of Landscape Poetry in the Prosperous Tang Dynasty holds that although the landscape poetry in the early Kaiyuan period revived the poetic style of Qi Liang, it did not repeat the same mistakes. The reason is that, first, due to the correct guidance, he adopted two different styles of harmony and promoted Harmony Beam. Zhang's greater contribution lies in his guiding the development direction of poetry as a literate scholar [26] and summing up Zhang's efforts in the development of landscape poetry. Zhang Shuo's relegation to Yuezhou is a change of poetic style, which is very helpful for the further study. However, there seems to be no consensus on the significance of his landscape poems, and there is no in-depth study of Zhang Shuo's poems in Luo Jing, Shudao, Jingzhou, Lingnan and other areas. Zhang said that other themes, such as farewell poems, frontier poems, sentimental poems, epics and sentimental poems, failed to attract academic attention, and the study of Zhang's poetic art, such as genre, meter and rhetoric, was also a blank to be filled urgently. At present, there are only a few research papers on regional and musical themes, which are attempts to explain Zhang Shuo's poems in many aspects, enriching the research field, but most of them are superficial and have few achievements, which may be the focus of the breakthrough in Zhang Shuo's poetry research in the future, and the influence of Zhang Shuo's poems on later poems is also a research direction worthy of attention.
Research on Prose, Parallel Prose and Legend
Zhang said that he has more than 250 articles, but the research on his articles is very weak. On the one hand, it lies in the monotony of prose research methodology, on the other hand, it lies in the lack of understanding of the value of Zhang Shuowen. Parallel prose prevailed in the world in the early Tang Dynasty. Zhang said that changing some expression techniques into parallel prose played a transitional role in the process of turning practical prose into prose, such as Wang Taige's On Prose Creation? New changes? It is believed that Zhang Shuo has created a new prose style, and the style of the article conveys the rambling style with parallel prose, while Yu Hongli's style is full of vigorous style. Grammatical Skills pioneered the writing of epitaphs by biographical means [27], which is quite constructive, but its discussion is extremely thin. And what about Zhang Shuo's prose? Make big money? Know more deeply, such as Xiao Ruifeng's On? Make big money? Focusing on the characteristics of the times, Zhang Shuo's prose takes Zhang Shuo's Li Yue Song Ya and Epitaph as the research objects, pointing out that his prose has the characteristics of diverse creative techniques, parallel styles and vigorous momentum, and affirming that Zhang Shuo took the lead in creating a large number of works in the process of stylistic innovation? Pen? The important role of quasi-practical writing [28]. Zhang epitaph has been lost for a long time. He tried to get rid of the false and stylized disadvantages of traditional inscriptions, and created a new situation in epitaph creation with new creative techniques and changes in composition structure. But it is puzzling that scholars seldom cultivate this fertile soil, and there are few research results for reference. At present, the biggest problem of Zhang Shuowen's research lies in the lack of overall grasp, and it is often impossible to go deep. Few researchers grasp Zhang Shuowen's creative mentality by reading his works carefully, and draw conclusions only by reading impressions of one or two works, and often use simple impressionistic critical terms, lacking a real in-depth analysis of his prose and verse creation. Zhang Shuo played a turning point in the history of articles in the Tang Dynasty. It is very helpful to study the overall creation of Zhang Shuo's articles, and to explore his artistic creation which focuses on parallel prose and prose poems, as well as his bold and unconstrained style.
Legendary research is a new field of Zhang Shuo's research. As early as the 1950s, Wang Yunxi suggested that Zhang Shuo might be the author of "Biography of Campus Guests", thinking that this might fill the gap that there was no legend in the prosperous Tang Dynasty [29], but the guess was greater than the reality. After the study of Zhang Shuo's legends, there are still some research achievements with broader horizons. However, due to the lack of literature, there is no unified understanding of whether Zhang Shuo wrote legends and what legends he wrote, which limits the further development of the research on Zhang Shuo legends.
Textual research on edition and department year
In terms of chronology and textual research, Chen Zuyan's Chronology of Zhang Shuo Tao Min and Fu Xuancong's Chronology of Literature in the Tang and Five Dynasties [30] date most of Zhang Shuo's works, which can only be understood after careful textual research, but there are still some omissions and mistakes; In the process of sorting out the Collected Works of Zhang Shuo, Zhu reviewed several reasons why poems were reprinted and wrongly collected, and determined that 28 works were reprinted in the name of others and 24 works were wrongly collected in the name, which was very impressive [3 1]. In terms of edition, Wan Man introduced the edition of Zhang Shuozhi in detail and credibly, which was quite original [32]; Zhu studied the spread of Zhang Shuo Zhi Ji in the Song Dynasty, and introduced the description of the Song Dynasty block-printed edition and the discovery of the shadow song edition [33], which is informative and accurate, and has great reference value.
Zhang was an outstanding literary theorist and critic in the early Tang Dynasty, and one of the key figures in Tang poetry's development from initial stage to prosperity. He made great contributions with great political enthusiasm and literary expertise, and showed the magnificent spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. However, Zhang said that the current research on Tang poetry is still relatively cold, for three reasons: first, the current popular research method of Tang poetry by stages ignores the works of writers in the transitional stage; Secondly, most studies focus on impressionism criticism without in-depth and detailed analysis, and think that Zhang Shuo's literature focuses on praising virtue; Thirdly, as the backbone of feudal rule, Zhang said that he would be criticized by historical historians, while advocating Zen was considered to have contributed to Xuanzong's arrogant and extravagant ruling style. Fortunately, with the expansion of academic horizons, the enrichment of literary research methods, and the new excavation and reorganization of literature materials, the achievements of Zhang Shuo research in the new period are constantly emerging, covering literary theory, aesthetic thought, poetry creation, poetry creation, legendary creation, the formulation of cultural policies and their cultural activities, the support of scholars and the influence on the literary world in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. However, there are still many shortcomings and misunderstandings in all aspects of research. The research field is narrow, and the focus is too much on its political status and landscape poems. This is not commensurate with Zhang's position in the history of literature. There are still many gaps to be filled (for example, there are still no academic monographs and explanatory books). In addition, academic circles have not paid enough attention to the study of Zhang Shuo. On the one hand, there are no scholars specializing in Zhang Shuo. At present, it is very regrettable that it is difficult to reverse Zhang Shuo's low position in the history of literary research. Academic circles call for a more comprehensive and comprehensive study of Zhang Shuo.
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