A mausoleum buried an emperor, four empresses, forty-eight concubines and a prince, which is unique in the history of China. This is the Jingling Mausoleum of Emperor Kangxi.
Emperor Kangxi reigned for 6 1 year and was buried in Dongling, now Zunhua County, Hebei Province. There are Xiaoling Mausoleum in the emperor shunzhi, Zhaoxi Mausoleum in Xiao Zhuang, Yuling of Emperor Qianlong, Dingling of Emperor Hui Ling and Jingling of Emperor Kangxi.
Seen from the air, Jingling is semi-circular, with the high status in the front and the low status in the back. In Jingling Underground Palace, besides Emperor Kangxi, there are Empresses Xiao Chengren, Xiao Zhaoren, Xiao Yiren, Xiao Gongren and Jingmin. Forty-eight concubines and eighteen sons of Emperor Kangxi were buried in the bedroom of Princess Jingling Garden. Among the forty-eight concubines, there are 1 concubines, that is, Princess Wennuo; Princess 1 1 person, namely Hui Fei, Hui Fei, Fei Yi, Rong Fei, Ping Fei, Liang Fei, Imperial concubine of Xuan, Cheng Fei, Shunyi Mi Fei, Chun Yu Qin Fei and Ding Fei; 8 people, 10 people, 9 people often, 9 people promised. Jingmin Guifei was originally buried with concubines and later moved to Jingling Underground Palace. In the middle of Jingling Princess Garden is Wennuo's imperial concubine, and Jingling Twin Princess Garden is used to bury Kangxi's concubines, to raise the prosperity and benefit the imperial concubine.
Before Emperor Kangxi, in order to meet the needs of political marriage, most of the empresses of the Qing emperors were Mongolian princesses. During the Kangxi period, the political situation changed. Ao Bai is bossy and crony, while Sony has been calm and capable for three generations. Under the auspices of sourdrang dowager, the queen's crown finally moved from Mongolian women of Borzijit in Horqin to Hersaizhhara's head, and Sony's granddaughter became the Queen Kangxi. This is also a political marriage.
1665, 12-year-old Emperor Kangxi and 13-year-old Hersaizhhara held a grand wedding. Although it is a political marriage, the emperor and queen are about the same age. When Ao Bai was in power, he was disrespectful to the emperor, and the oppressive environment contributed to the love between the emperor and the queen. Shortly after they got married, Kangxi and his queen, Hesely Hala, had a son, but the child died at the age of four.
After Kangxi eradicated Ao Bai and personally ruled the country, he no longer needed the support of the empress family. Once the political ties are relaxed, the relationship between the emperor and the queen will naturally become less intimate. The number of women in Kangxi's harem gradually increased, and Niu Zhilu, Tong Jiashi and Wu Yashi entered the palace one after another. Niu Zhilu was born in a famous family, smart and fond of reading, and her good cultural quality made her stand out among many concubines. Niu Zhilu was also good at dealing with interpersonal relationships and was deeply loved by Emperor Kangxi. Tong Jiashi is Kangxi's cousin, and Emperor Kangxi is obedient to her. For wives and concubines, Emperor Kangxi seems to be very gentle.
Although there are more and more women around him, Kangxi still has great feelings for his wife who he knew as a teenager. After Wu Sangui Rebellion, Kangxi faced great pressure. At this time, Hesaili Hala was in labor again. In the morning, the queen gave birth to a son and died in the afternoon. The happy event turned into a funeral in a flash. Emperor Kangxi was heartbroken, regardless of the tight war ahead, he stopped work for five days and held a grand funeral for the Queen of Dahang. During the 25-day mourning period of Heather Rihara Zigong, Emperor Kangxi went to mourn for 20 days, which shows the deep feelings.
The son that Herseri Hala bought with his life was crowned Crown Prince by Emperor Kangxi before he was two years old. Later, the prince was worthless and was finally abolished by Kangxi. When the prince was abolished, Kangxi cried and called him "born with a mother", but he still missed his wife.
The emperor's feelings have never been for one person, and Kangxi is no exception. Among the concubines that Kangxi married one after another, the youngest was only eleven or twelve years old, the oldest was only fifteen or sixteen years old, and some died in their twenties. The concubines of Emperor Kangxi experienced three dynasties in Kang Yong, from the death of Bolzigit, the first gift princess in the 9th year of Kangxi, to the final death of Emperor Chunyi in the 3rd year of Qianlong, which lasted for 99 years. Among the concubines of Emperor Kangxi, there were four pairs of sisters. Among them, Xiao Yiren's Empress Tong and her younger sister Tong's imperial concubine are cousins of Emperor Kangxi, which is rare among ancient emperors in China.
There has been no unified view on the number of concubines of Emperor Kangxi in the history circle.
The Complete Biography of Kangxi recorded that there were 49 concubines above the nobility of Emperor Kangxi, 67 of whom were registered, and more than 200 were said to have low status.
Although Emperor Kangxi was promiscuous, he still had feelings for his concubines. When Kangxi was away, he often wrote letters or sent local products back to the palace, and even wrote letters to the concubines living in the palace, telling some interesting stories on the way to ease their anger. The most important thing that Emperor Kangxi did for his concubines was to make good arrangements for the lives of his concubines in his later years. He ordered concubines with sons to live in their son's mansion when they were old. This arrangement broke the rule that concubines lived alone in the palace until the death of the emperor.
Before Kangxi died, his two empresses were buried in Jingling underground palace. After Emperor Kangxi was buried, his concubines were buried one after another. So, a mausoleum buried so many concubines.
There are only monogamous emperors in the history of China: which emperor has the fewest concubines?
One of the characteristics of Emperor China is that he has many wives and concubines, so he has the saying of "seventy-two concubines in three palaces and six hospitals". Among the best people, such as Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Emperor Wudi of the Jin Dynasty, there are more harem beauties than running water, and the number is enough to form a reorganization division. Even Hong Xiuquan, the king of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, had more than 2,300 women to serve him. Even if he was as bad as Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, three people served him.
The so-called "monogamy" seems to have nothing to do with these emperors forever. In fact, among the hundreds of emperors in China, there is really a special person who can be said to be the only one who has only married one wife in his life. He is Ming Xiaozong, and his only wife is Queen Zhang.
Why does Zhu Shitang only have one wife? Doesn't he like women? Or is there anything to say about sexual function? Don't! The reason is that it has a lot to do with his miserable childhood.
Zhu Shitang, the ninth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was born on July 3rd in the 6th year of Chenghua (1470), and died prematurely on May 7th in the 18th year of Hongzhi (1505) at the age of 36. Tang Xianzong's third son, biological mother, Empress Xiao Muji. In the 23rd year of Chenghua (1487), Ming Xianzong died, and Prince Zhu Shitang ascended the throne with the title of Hongzhi.
Zhang, the queen, was born in (now northern Cangzhou, Hebei). According to the post-election system after the mid-Ming Dynasty, queens were generally born in civilian families. Zhang's father Zhang Luan is a scholar. He entered imperial academy in the name of Xiang Gong, that is, he was sent from a local school to the highest institution of higher learning in the country and became a student in imperial academy. Zhang was born in such a scholar's family, so family education is naturally possible. On the sixth day of February in the 23rd year of Chenghua (1487), Zhang married the then Crown Prince Xiaozong. In September of the same year, Zhang was officially made queen.
In the fourth year of Hongzhi (149 1), on September 24th, Empress Zhang gave birth to the eldest son of the emperor in Hiuke, and later became Wuzong. Zhu Houzhao was born with a very handsome face, "Exquisite is better than Kethleen, radiant", and his manners are very good. Therefore, Xiao Zong loves this son very much and naturally loves Queen Zhang. Huang Jingyun, a scholar in the late Ming Dynasty, said, "My favorite time is my morning. I live in the same place like a couple." The emperor and the queen live together every day like folk couples. This is really rare in the private lives of feudal emperors.
Being in the powder makeup harem, the situation of filial piety is really puzzling. There may be the following reasons.
First, Xiaozong himself is gentle and deeply influenced by Confucianism, and has no particularly strong interest in men and women.
Second, Xiao Zong was secretly raised in the comfort zone of the palace before he was 6 years old in order to avoid persecution by Wan Guifei in his childhood. He has a deep understanding of the rivalry and jealousy between concubines and the ensuing court struggle, which is very painful. So, this may be one reason why he doesn't want to have too many concubines.
Third, Zhang Hou's personality may be lively, which is attractive and binding enough for filial piety. History calls Zhang Hou "arrogance and jealousy". Judging from her role in this political struggle, Zhang Hou is definitely not an ordinary person.
Fourth, Xie Qian's admonition. Originally, it was normal for the emperor to accept concubines. Under normal circumstances, ministers would not object. For example, during the Chenghua period, the minister wrote to the emperor to accept concubines because Xianzong was twenty-eight or nine years old and had no sons. So why did Xie Qian reinvent the wheel? Here's the thing. In February of the first year of Hongzhi (1488), the Imperial Horse Supervisor Zuo Jian Guo Yong invited his wife to be pre-selected, and two of them were selected as concubines after filial piety.
At that time, Zuo Chunfang, the son of Zuo Chunfang and assistant minister of the Hanlin Academy, said: "The six-palace system is well prepared. And three years of worry cannot be forgotten. I'm afraid the mountain is fresh before it's finished. Why is this happening? " It means that it is natural for the emperor to choose concubines. However, the mausoleum of Xianzong has not yet been completed, and the thatched cottage where the emperor mourned is still new. Why do you want to choose a concubine? Filial piety advocates ruling the world by filial piety, and once set a three-year filial piety system for Xianzong-"three years without ringing bells or beating drums, not being congratulated, wearing plain clothes in Wang Shuo Palace". So, since Xie Qian said so, the matter of choosing a wife and concubines was shelved.
Later, the editor-in-chief of the Book of Filial Piety took this opportunity to criticize that the move was to please Zhang, the then queen of the Middle Palace. However, some people defended Xie Qian, saying that Xie Qian's suggestion of choosing a wife was not to prohibit filial piety, but to ask the emperor to do it later, which was actually reasonable. But in any case, because of Xie Qian, the matter of choosing a princess was repeatedly mentioned, but it was not approved by Xiaozong. Therefore, Zhang, who became the crown princess in the twenty-third year of Chenghua, not only became the queen after Xiaozong ascended the throne in the same year, but also became the object of special love until Xiaozong died.
The filial couple's deep love for their wives, though enviable, had a certain influence on Hongzhi Dynasty and later political structure. Judging from Xiao Zong's own wishes, these influences should not be what he wants to see.
First, Hongzhi's single-mindedness and affection for his wife led to relatively few children of the emperor. Queen Zhang gave birth to two sons and three daughters for Xiaozong in her life. However, Zhu's second son and eldest daughter Princess Taikang died one after another. Therefore, Zhu Houzhao is the only descendant of Xiaozong. Later, Zhu Houzhao had no son, so Xiao Zong's blood was cut off. In the view of some ministers at the beginning of16th century, it is really sad that such a wise emperor should have no heir. Later, a group of ministers insisted that Sejong, who inherited Zhu Houzhao, called filial piety "imperial examination", and it was not without this mentality of filial piety. Filial piety is a single biography, Wuzong has no children, and Sejong succeeded to the throne as a vassal. This situation triggered a major political event in the middle of the Ming Dynasty-the Grand Ceremony, which had a far-reaching impact on the history of the middle and late Ming Dynasty.
Secondly, the single-mindedness of filial piety resulted in the domineering of Hongzhi's consorts Zhang Yanling and Zhang Heling. As the saying goes, one person gets the word, and chickens and dogs ascend to heaven. When Zhang became a queen, he was favored by Xiao Zong, which brought great prosperity to the Zhang family. Father Zhang Luan was named Shouningbo in Hongzhi four years (149 1 year), and was later named Hou. After his death, he was chased as the Duke of Chang. Queen Zhang's two younger brothers were also blocked. Zhang Heling inherited the title of Shouning Hou from his father Zhang Luan. In the early feudal dynasty of Zhang Yanling, in the 16th year of Hongzhi (1503), Changbo was also named as the Jianchang Hou. Xiaozong also built a temple for the Zhang family in the hometown of the Queen. It is said that Zhang Luan is not domineering because of her daughter's wealth, but still respects teachers and scholars. However, Zhang Heling and Zhang Yanling's brothers suddenly became rich with their consorts. They couldn't help being arrogant and allowed their families to plunder people's fields and fishing villages and do some illegal things. Ministers have put forward opinions to Xiaozong, demanding to trace the illegal activities of the Zhang brothers. Therefore, Xiaozong sent assistant minister Tu Xun and eunuch Xiao Jing to verify. But the matter was verified, but there was no way to deal with it, because the queen did not agree to deal with her brother. And when the queen is angry, Xiaozong should pretend to be angry with her.
Afterwards, Xiao Zong called Xiao Jing and said to him, "I believe everything you say." Then, I gave Xiao Jing some money, and the matter went away. At that time, ministers like Xiang and Wu Shizhong were almost convicted of impeaching the Zhang brothers. Perhaps, in Xiaozong's view, although the Zhang brothers are at fault, they are the younger brothers of the queen after all, and ordinary small faults can be forgiven. Of course, he also knows the consequences of letting the Zhang brothers go, so he hopes to restrain them through his own teaching. On one occasion, the emperor visited the Nangong accompanied by the empress, the prince, the empress dowager, Mrs. Jin and the Zhang brothers. During the dinner, the queen, the prince and Mrs. King left. Filial piety called Zhang Heling alone. From a distance, you can see Zhang Heling take off his black hat and kowtow to the emperor. Since then, the Zhang brothers' tracks have been more convergent. Later, when the dynasty and Jiajing dynasty were handed over, the Zhang brothers were favored by Sejong because they supported the accession to the throne of Ming Sejong. However, their final fate is sad: Zhang Heling died in prison and Zhang Yanling was killed in Xi Shi. Of course, this is due to Sejong's ingratitude, but their arrogance is impossible, which is undoubtedly giving people a handle.
In the eighteenth year of Hongzhi (1505), Xiaozong died on the seventh day of May. It is said that Xiaozong caught a cold occasionally. Eunuch, ambassador of TaiYuan, judge of the hospital, Liu, Gao Tinghe and others prescribed drugs without consultation, which caused XiaoZong to take the drugs by mistake and die of nosebleeds. Before he died, he told the minister: "The East Palace is young and very enjoyable. My husband is very supportive. " At that time, his son Zhu Houzhao was 15 years old. Later, after Zhu Houzhao, his nephew Zhu Houzong was born. At that time, "the mountains and rivers were poor, and there was no sorrow at the sound", and "crying shocked Shan Ye". In October of the same year, Xiaozong was buried in Tailing.
During the Hongzhi period, there was no power of ministers, eunuchs and harems, and there was little abuse of power. Therefore, Hongzhi Dynasty is known as the most politically wise period in the history of Ming Dynasty, and Filial Piety is also described as a virtuous monarch in history books. Zhu Guozhen, a scholar in the late Ming Dynasty, said: "Under the three generations, those who are called sages are Wendi, Song Renzong and Xiaozong in the Ming Dynasty." It is considered that filial piety is the wise master after Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and it is highly praised compared with Wen Di and He. "History of the Ming Dynasty" also has a high evaluation of filial piety, which mainly has eight words, namely "diligence and thrift, diligence and love for the people". His diligence, tolerance, respect for Confucian officials and compassion for people's livelihood won him unanimous praise from Confucian scholars and officials, and he was regarded as the monarch model that most conformed to Confucian ethics in the history of the Ming Dynasty. He accepted the advice of Confucian scholar-officials and acted according to their requirements as much as possible. Therefore, he is also compared to Zhou Chengwang, which means that he can follow the guidance of the Duke of Zhou. From the perspective of personal cultivation, Xiaozong is not as obsessed with the art of sex as his father, but has deep attainments in poetry, piano and painting. In governing the country, Xiaozong appointed ministers, cultivated the system of the Ming Dynasty and sympathized with the people's feelings, which actually created a prosperous period in the history of the Ming Dynasty, and the humanities in the prosperous period were also very impressive.
The evening scene of Queen Zhang is bleak and hard to say. First, he lost his husband Xiaozong, then his son Wuzong, and then he was forced by his nephew Sejong to ask Sejong to let his two younger brothers go. However, before she died, Zhang Heling died in prison. Five years after her death, Zhang Yanling was killed in Xi Shi. The dignity and impermanence of imperial power, she has the feeling of touching the skin!
After the death of Xiaozong, a large number of virtuous ministers were left behind. Before the rule of Wu Zong, there was a queen Zhang who listened to politics, and there were a bunch of wise ministers outside Li Dongyang. Up and down in the ruling and opposition circles, it was very prosperous, and it was not until Liu Jin, the eunuch, was reused by Wu Zong's rule that Wang Daming and Cai Chao officially declined. Once Hongzhi was promoted, class contradictions eased, people's lives improved, and there was no major external war or internal civil strife. Celebrities and sages have been inexhaustible, and corporal filial piety has also been praised as a beautiful talk. History is called Hongzhi Zhongxing.