(1) Historical reasons: the accumulated disadvantages of a highly centralized economic and political system.
(2) Direct and main reasons: Gorbachev deviated from the political reform of scientific socialism.
(3) External reasons: the influence of the western "peaceful evolution" strategy.
Second, the impact of the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
1 marks the disintegration of the bipolar pattern since World War II, and the world is developing towards multipolarization.
2. Socialism has suffered great setbacks, and all countries are facing unprecedented pressure, but all the socialist countries headed by China are developing in a healthy direction.
Third, recognize the setbacks in the development of socialism.
Judging from the development of human history, socialism is still in the primary stage and the development of socialist theory and practice is not mature enough.
② Most former socialist countries took the non-capitalist road when the commodity economy was underdeveloped and the foundation of economic modernization and political democratization was relatively weak.
(3) Socialism is a transitional society from capitalism to production. Its consolidation is much more difficult than any revolution in history, and it takes a long historical process to mature.
(4) The hostility, encirclement and suppression, containment and subversion of capitalist forces in many aspects have undoubtedly had a serious impact on the development of socialist countries and movements.
The practice of socialist countries shows that socialism needs constant reform to be gradually improved; Socialist revolution and construction should be combined with the reality of all countries, and we must never stick to the only Soviet model.
⑥ The drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (the disintegration of the Soviet Union) only showed that the Soviet model was frustrated, not the failure of the whole socialism. (1) Four major contradictions in Soviet society
The advantages of socialism in theory and the disadvantages of competing with capitalism in practice have expanded.
National unity in theory, great russianism in practice and serious ethnic problems.
Proletarian internationalism in theory and hegemonism and expansionism in practice.
The corruption of the proletarian vanguard in theory and the leadership privilege in practice made the Soviet Union lose its vanguard role seriously.
(B) summing up the experience and lessons of the disintegration of the Soviet Union
(1) Emancipate the mind, seek truth from facts, proceed from China's national conditions, combine the universal principles of Marxism with our concrete practice, and explore the road of socialist construction suitable for China's national conditions.
(2) To build socialism, we must focus on economic construction, vigorously develop social productive forces, strive to promote economic construction, and constantly improve people's material and cultural living standards.
(3) Socialist countries must continuously deepen reform and liberate productive forces. At the same time, we must adhere to the party's leadership and socialist orientation in the reform and adhere to the guiding position of Marxism.
(4) We must attach importance to domestic ethnic issues and correctly handle ethnic relations.
(5) Pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, refrain from hegemonism and oppose power politics.
(6) We must strengthen the construction of socialist democracy and legal system to ensure economic construction; Do a good job in the self-construction of the ruling party and adhere to the mass line of the party.
(7) We must constantly improve our comprehensive national strength to adapt to the situation of international competition.