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1886, David Ben-Gurion was born into a wealthy Jewish family in Plansk, Poland. In the atmosphere of Zionism, he began to learn the Bible and Hebrew from an early age. /kloc-When he was 0/4 years old, he organized the children around him to speak Hebrew. Three years later, he joined the Zionist party Zion Workers' Party and became a Zionist.
At the age of 20, David came to Palestine, the territory of the Ottoman Turkish Empire at that time-the land of Israel in his mind, and was determined to realize the ideal of Zionism by settling down. David firmly believes that Hebrew labor on Hebrew land is the only way for Jews to restore their rights. The hard environment and hard work are a great challenge for David, who is weak. He later recalled: "I had a fever and was hungry for more than working hours." Work, malaria and hunger are all new and interesting to me. After all, that's why I came to Israel. "
Even in this case, David did not stop his lifelong hobby: reading. On one occasion, he read a book while driving cattle. After reading it, he looked up and found that the cow had eaten grass elsewhere.
The dream of building a country
19 10, Ben-Gurion was transferred to Jerusalem by the Zion Workers' Party as the editor of the newly established party magazine Unity. It was not until the second issue of the magazine was published that he got up the courage to sign the article with a new Hebrew name-Ben Gurion. Ben-Gurion, 24, began his political career.
At this time, Ben-Gurion has made it clear that there is only one way for Jews to build a country: not empty talk, but practical work. He firmly believes that only Palestinian Jews can decide their own path. He once hoped to acquire Ottoman Turkish citizenship and fight for Jewish rights within the empire. To this end, he studied Turkish and went to the Imperial Capital to study law. In order to make himself more like an Ottoman citizen, he also wore a Turkish cylindrical hat and grew a Turkish beard. However, with the outbreak of World War I, Ben-Gurion was deported in 19 15 because of Ottoman Turkey's fear of Zionism. Soon, he arrived in new york via Alexandria.
In new york, Ben-Gurion met the young nurse Paula. When he proposed to Paula, he suggested that if she agreed to marry him, she would have to prepare to leave the United States and go to a "small and barren place without electricity, gas and trams". 19 17 12.5, Paula left the operating room in a hurry and went to New York City Hall, where she and Ben-Gurion waited for her and walked into the marriage registration office. Then the bride immediately rushed back to the hospital, where there was an emergency operation waiting for her, while the groom went to attend a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Zion Workers' Party.
19 17, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration, expressing its support for Zionism and the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The British army immediately began to organize the Jewish legion. 19 18, Ben-Gurion joined the army and returned to Palestine with the British army. But the Ottoman army was defeated before the legion entered the war. Ben-Gurion retired from the Jewish legion and worked for the Palestinian Jewish Workers' Union. 192 1 summer, he was elected secretary of the Jewish Workers' General Union and worked in this position for 14 years.
After intense political activities, he neither made friends nor cared about his family, but seized all the time to study. Years of hard work have left him in poor health. He began to rest before he was 40 years old, and his hair turned gray in his early 40 s. Excessive excitement and irritability would make him have a high fever.
In the world Zionist movement, the labor movement advocated by Ben-Gurion was not the mainstream, but with his persistence and firmness, he began to change the world Zionist movement with his own ideas. Zionism held in Prague 1933.
At the18th Congress, Ben-Gurion was elected as a member of the Executive Committee. This congress is regarded as a turning point in the history of the Zionist movement.
Turn America into a new protector
From 65438 to 0935, Ben-Gurion was elected as the chairman of the executive committee of Zionism and the executive committee of Jewish institutions, and together with the first Israeli President chaim weizmann, he became the two giants of the Zionist movement in the world.
Zionists once thought that the return of Jews to Palestine was "the return of a nation without land to a land without nationalities". This utopian fantasy has been abandoned by Ben-Gurion. Ben-Gurion, who stepped up from the grassroots, was pragmatic. He hit the nail on the head and pointed out: "There is a real conflict in Palestine, a political conflict between us and the Arabs. We all want to be the majority. " So he focused his work on Jewish immigration to Palestine, and he wanted Jews to be the majority in Palestine.
1937, in order to solve the Palestinian problem, Britain first put forward the idea of partition, that is, to establish an Arab state and a Jewish state in Palestine. With his political sense, Ben-Gurion grasped the great significance of the word "country" and realized that this was a golden opportunity. He immediately expressed his support for the idea of partition. Ben-Gurion pointed out: "Zionism is not walking on a solid rope, but on a hair."
But two years later, the British government published a white paper, reducing the quota for Jews to move to Palestine and prohibiting Jews from buying Palestinian land. Facing the change of British position, Ben-Gurion decided to develop the underground armed forces of Jews. After the outbreak of World War II, in the face of Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews and Britain's suppression of Zionism, Ben-Gurion weighed the pros and cons and put forward a famous policy throughout World War II: "We will help Britain in the war as if there were no white paper; We will oppose the white paper, just like there is no war. "
Ben-Gurion spent the summer of 1940 in London. He was strongly shocked by the perseverance and courage shown by the British under the indiscriminate bombing of Nazi Germany. At the same time, he also clearly realized that World War II would destroy the old order and establish a new one. After the war, the leadership of the western world will be transferred from Britain to the United States, and Jews also need to turn the United States into their new patron.
194 1 year1month 12, Ben-Gurion came to new york and was widely supported by the American Jewish community. 1942 In May, the Jewish conference held in Biltmore Hotel, new york accepted his idea, adopted an eight-point program, and declared that "Palestine will be incorporated into the new democratic world as a Jewish state".
Create modern Israel and strive for survival.
World War II is over, but Britain has no intention of dividing Palestine. At this time, Ben-Gurion had foreseen the withdrawal of Britain and the establishment of the Jewish state, and foresaw that the new Jewish state would inevitably conflict with Arab neighbors, so on the one hand, he organized secret anti-British military actions by Palestinian Jews, on the other hand, he tried his best to raise funds to buy arms.
1947165438+1On 29 October, the United Nations passed a resolution on the partition of Palestine, and the British mandate will end on May 1948 14. On this day, celebrations were held in new york, Palestine and all places where Jews lived. Traffic between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem was interrupted, and people sang and danced until the early hours of the morning. But Ben-Gurion was unusually calm on this night. He recalled: "That night, people danced in the street, but I couldn't dance." I know, we are facing a war. In the war, we will lose the best young people. "
The jubilant Jews thought that the biggest threat was the uprising of Palestinian Arabs, but Ben-Gurion realized that the regular army of Arab neighbors might attack. He sent Golda Meir to the United States to raise money, and at the same time bought weapons from Czechoslovakia through secret channels under the banner of Ethiopia.
At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, at Tel Aviv Museum of Modern Art, Ben Gurion read the Declaration of Independence. He declared the state of Israel established! The people present cheered heartily, Jews all over the country listened to the independence ceremony on the radio, and countless people burst into tears. Ben-Gurion served as the Prime Minister of the interim government and became the official Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense in the subsequent parliamentary elections.
The excitement of the founding of the People's Republic of China cannot conceal Israel's serious survival crisis. On the day after the founding of the People's Republic of China, armies from Egypt, Jordan (now Jordan), Iraq, Syria and Lebanon successively entered Palestine. Israel, which is losing ground in the east and south wings, is on the verge of collapse. This was the first ceasefire under the auspices of the United Nations, which saved the newborn Israel. Ben-Gurion used the four weeks of the ceasefire to buy weapons and recruit new soldiers. When the war resumed on July 8, Israel had taken the initiative and seized 1000 square kilometers of land in the battle of10. Ben-Gurion's military strategy is to occupy as much land as possible and create a fait accompli.
From 65438 to 0949, Ben-Gurion planned "Operation Magic Carpet", which used hundreds of flights to take nearly 50,000 Jews back to Israel from Yemen. 1950 "Ezra-Nehemiah Action" transported120,000 Jews from Iraq to Israel. In the first four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the population of Israel doubled.
Ben-Gurion resigned as Prime Minister in 1953- 1955, but actually still controlled the major policies of Israel, and was re-elected as Prime Minister in 1955. Ben-Gurion has always pursued the policy of alliance with the West. After 1955 moved closer to Dongying, Egypt spared no effort to follow the west. 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, which violated the interests of Britain and France. After secret consultations, Ben-Gurion formed an alliance with Britain and France. 10 year129 October, Israel attacked Sinai, creating an excuse for Britain and France to send troops to Egypt. Although Israel won, Ben-Gurion had to return Sinai to Egypt because of the intervention of the United States and the Soviet Union. On the surface, Israel was defeated, but this war won Israel a precious peace of 10 years.
1963, Ben-Gurion resigned because of a storm caused by a failed espionage operation, and finally retired from politics in 1970. 1973, 87-year-old Ben-Gurion just died in the storm of Israel's October War. According to his will, there was no eulogy at his funeral, only silence. His death was regarded by Israel as the end of an era.
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